410 



SUBJECT INDEX 



American plants, in Greenland 54, 66 



in Iceland 66, 298, 300 



reaching Atlantic islands 54 

 amphi-atlantic biota 74, 185 



of North America 393 



Pleistocene survival 188 

 amphi-atlantic earthworms 140 

 amphi-atlantic element 173 



its anthropochorous nature 169 



long-distance dispersal 178, 181, 182, 

 211 



eastern, in North America 174, 177, 188 



western, in Europe 174, 175, 181, 301 

 amphi-atlantic plants 46, 54, 73, 174, 178 



arctic 216 



arctic-subarctic 216 



in the birch-belt 186 



and land-connection 72, 176 



and long-distance dispersal 176, 177, 

 186 



migration across Bering Sea 183 



vicariant taxa 183, 184 

 amphi-atlantic zonation 109ff 

 amphi-pacific gastropods 164 

 amphibians 129, 140 

 amphibolite 329, 340 

 amplitude, ecological 235 

 Amur 1 1 1 

 Anademiliis 157 

 anamesite 30 

 Anas 



acuta 1 9 1 



platyrhynclui 1 9 1 

 Andes, earthworms 129 

 anemochorous plants 181, 182 



long-distance dispersal 177, 183 



increase towards south 181 

 Anemone Richardsonii 292 

 Angelica 293 



Archangelica 174,291 



silvestris 363 

 Angola 138 

 Angmagsalik 289, 291 

 Anguispiia 167 



animals as dispersal agents 190 

 anorthosite 341 

 Anser 



albifrons 192 



anser 1 92 



fabalis 192 



hyperboreus 1 92 

 Antarctica 26 



ice-free areas 323 



nunataks 323 



oases 323 



plants 325 



refugia 322, 325 



Antarctica, subglacial relief 323 



thickness of ice 322 

 Antennaiia 



affinis 288 



alpina 3 1 3 



carpatica 265 



glabrata 288 



intermedia 288 

 anthropochorous 



apophytes 221 



Cepaea 1 69 



dispersal 78, 168, 222 



plants in Iceland 313 



species 174 

 anthropogenous origin 



of Digitalis purpurea 224 



of Plantago lanceolata 224 

 anthropophilous plants 363 

 Antillean earthworms 129, 132 

 antiquity 



of earthworms 144 



of Placopsis gelida 236 

 Antofagasta 131 

 Apion cruentatum 83 

 Apium nodiflorum 192 

 apocracy 373, 374 

 apocrats 367-371,373,395 

 apomicts 385 

 apomixis 300 

 apophytes 221 

 aposporous embryosacs 94 

 apothesia 237 



Appalachian earthworms 154 

 Arabis alpina 214, 216 

 Aranea, in Greenland 75 

 archaean rocks 338, 344 

 A rchaeo.xesta 1 5 8 

 Archangelica officinalis 225, 363 

 archeophytes 224 

 Arctic 113 



age of flora 207,241 



climate 208 



definition 292 



Ocean 66, 99, 208 



plants 46, 54, 89, 100, 105, 173, 180, 

 182, 207, 211, 214, 215, 216, 228, 229, 

 235, 238, 241. 269. 287. 301, 395 



survival of flora 210,261 



tree-line 327 



zonation 109. 121 

 Arctophila fulva 2 1 7 

 Arctoslaphylos 



alpina 88 

 Uvo-ursi 289 

 Arcto-Tertiary flora 163, 394 

 Arenaria 



humifusa 243, 244, 245. 267, 268, 279 



