174 



COPEPODS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE 



s: SO 



2; 100 



g SO 



n 



lAli.Ai 



// IZ 



13 14 



Chart 4. Daytime vertical distribution of species of Candiicia: 

 (i) aethiopica, (2) armata, (3) bipinnata, (4) bispinosa, (5) 

 catula, (6) ciirta, (7) jalcijera, ((S) longimaiia, (9) norvegica, 

 (10) pachydactyla, (11) simplex, (12) tentiimana, (13) /crrn- 

 cato, (14) fan'cans. Three of the fourteen species were confined 

 to the loo-meter tow and two others to the two deeper tows. Of 

 the nine species present in all three tows, two were equally dis- 

 tributed, two were more abundant in the loo-meter tow, and five 

 were more abundant in the 50-meter tow. 



Candacia aethiopica (Dana) 



[Candacia ethiopica Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 

 vol. 2, p. 23, 1849; U. S. Exploring Exped., 1838-1842 

 (Wilkes), vol. 14, pt. 2, Crustacea, p. 1115, 1853; pi. 78, fig. 

 •Sa-e. 1855.] 



Found in the temperate and tropical Atlantic and in the 

 eastern and central tropical Pacific. It was present in 4 noc- 

 turnal and 8 diurnal surface tows, 8 50-meter tows, and 7 

 loo-meter tows. These records indicate that it is more or less 

 indifferent to ordinary light, but becomes negative to the 

 strong light of the tropics, where it is found more often in 

 the two deeper tows. The legs and the entire thorax behind 

 the head are so dark a brown as to appear virtually black, 

 and thus serve to distinguish the species. In the Siboga 

 plankton this species was found more often at the surface 

 than in the deep vertical tows. 



Candacia armata (Boeck) 



[Candacc armata Boeck, Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk. Christiania, 

 vol. 14, p. 39, 1872.] 



Found once in the eastern Pacific and three times in the 

 western part off the coast of Japan, being present in each of 

 the three tows. Although it was not found in the Carnegie 

 plankton from the Atlantic, it has been reported from the 

 North Atlantic by Cleve (1900-1Q01, p. 141; igooZ", p. 51; as 

 Candace pectinata). Sars in his Crustacea of Nortvay (1902, 

 p. 135) stated that all the specimens of this species which 

 he procured from the coasts of Norway were near the surface 

 of the sea, and this would make them positive to light. The 

 species may be recognized by the peculiar asymmetry of the 

 urosome in the female and the genital segment in the male. 



Candacia bipinnata (Ciesbrecht) 



[Candace bipinnata Giesbrecht, Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rome, 

 ser. 4, vol. 5, sem. i, p. 815, 1889; Fauna und Flora des Golfes 

 von Neapel, vol. 19, pp. 424, 439, pi. 22, fig. 20; pi. 39, figs. 



27, 29, 1892.] 



Found only in the Pacific at widely separated localities, 

 once at the surface in a nocturnal tow, twice in the 50-meter 

 tow in the daytime, and five times in the loo-meter tow. 

 These few specimens thus show a definite negative photo- 

 tropism, but are not numerous enough to warrant a general 

 conclusion. This was reported by Farran ( 1929, p. 272) as 

 the most plentiful species of the genus off the coast of New 

 Zealand, and it has also been reported from the North and 

 South Atlantic. 



Candacia bispinosa (Claus) 



(Figure 9) 



[Candace bispinosa Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 191, 

 pis. 27, 28, 1863.] 



Found in the temperate and tropical Atlantic and in the 

 eastern and central Pacific south of the equator, also north 

 of the equator in the western Pacific, reaching latitude 40°. 

 It was present in 14 nocturnal and 19 diurnal surface tows, 

 45 50-meter tows, and 45 loo-meter tows. These records 

 indicate a preference for the two deeper tows, but also a 

 frequent occurrence at the surface both by day and by night. 

 Next to simplex this was the most widely distributed species 

 of the genus, and the number of specimens reached into the 

 hundreds, in sharp contrast with the 3 which constituted the 

 total for the Siboga plankton. 



Candacia catula (Giesbrecht) 



[Candace catula Giesbrecht, Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rome, ser. 4, 

 vol. 5, sem. I, p. 815, i88g; Fauna und Flora des Golfes von 

 Neapel, vol. 19, pp. 425, 440, pi. 21, fig. 13; pi. 22, figs. 3, 27, 



28, 1892.] 



A single female of this species was found in the 100-meter 

 tow at station 155 in the central Pacific close to the equator. 

 Again we find a sharp contrast with the Siboga plankton, in 

 which this species was found to be well distributed over the 

 Pacific. Many of the captures, however, were made in ver- 

 tical hauls from considerable depths, hence it is possible that 

 this species descends below the loo-meter level and remains 

 there in the daytime, and thus escaped most of the Carnegie 

 tows. 



Candacia curta (Dana) 

 (Figure 19) 



[Candace carta Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 2, 

 p. 23, 1849; U. S. Exploring Exped., 1838-1842 (Wilkes), 

 vol. 14, pt. 2, Crustacea, p. 11 16, 1853; pi. 78, fig. 6a-d, 1855.] 



Found in the eastern Pacific close to the equator and in 

 the western Pacific north of the equator. It was taken in 2 

 surface tows, 5 50-meter tows, and 2 100-meter tows, with a 

 total for all the tows of 21 specimens. The species has been 

 reported from the California coast by Esterly (1905, p. 196) 

 and from the tropical Atlantic by Cleve (1904, p. 186), but 

 did not occur in the Carnegie plankton from the Atlantic. 



