6 CONTENTS 



XI. Laboratory Studies of the Flower. — Exercise XXIX., The ovules 

 and ovary. Exercise XXX., The pollen and stamen. Exercise XXXI., The 

 perianth. Exercise XXXIl., Arrangement of floral organs. Exercise 

 XXXIII., Inflorescence. Exercise XXXIV., The flowers of Coniferse. 

 Further work on the flower 9i>-103 



XII. The Flower. — General morphology. Ovules. The pistil. Pistil of 

 the gymnosperms. Pollen. Stamens. Perianth. Forms of corolla and 

 calyx. Functions. The receptacle. Floral plan. Morphological nature 

 of floral organs. Suppression, adnation, coalescence. Processes leading to 

 formation of seed: pollination, fertilization. Structure of the pollen grain. 

 Cellular structure of plants. Growth of the pollen grain, penetration of 

 pollen tube, fertilization. Ecology of the flower. Self- and cross-fertiliza- 

 tion. The former often prevented. Agencies and adaptations for inter- 

 crossing. Wind, water, animals. Cypripedium. Salvia. Mitchella. 

 Opening and closing of the Catchfly. Protection of nectar. Grouping of 

 flowers. Effect of crossing. Supplementary reading. Supplementary 

 studies : fieldwork on ecology of the flower. Terminology of the flower. 



103-143 



XIII. Laboratory Studies of the Fruit. — Exercise XXXV., Floral 

 organs involved in the fruit. Exercise XXXVI., The seed. Outgrowths of 

 the testa. Exercise XXXVII., The fruit in relation to dissemination. 144-147 



XIV. The Fruit. — Nature and origin. The kinds. Simple, aggregate, 

 accessory, and multiple fruits. Stone and dry fruits. Dehiscent and inde- 

 hiscent fruits. Berry, pome, drupe, achene, caryopsis, fig. The seed. 

 Ecology of fruit and seed as regards dissemination . . . . 147-156 



XV. Laboratory Studies of Cryptogams. — Nostoc. Pleurococcus. 

 Spirogyra. Vaucheria. EctocarjDus. Rockweed. Polysiphonia. Nema- 

 lion. Bacteria. Yeast. Rhizopus. Saprolegnacese. Peziza. Micro- 

 sphaera. Toadstool. Lichen. Marchantia. Moss. Fern. Selaginella. 

 Lycopodium. Equisetum 157-168 



XVI. Cryptogams. — General statement. Blue-green Algae: characters of 

 the group; Nostoc, Oscillatoria. Green Algae: general characters; Pleuro- 

 coccus, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Vaucheria. Brown Algae : general characters, 

 habitat, etc.; Ectocarpus (Cutleria), Rockweed. Red Algae: characteris- 

 tics, habitat ; tetraspores (Polysiphonia), Nemalion. General summary of 

 reproduction in Algae. Fungi: general statement; Bacteria; Yeasts; 

 Bread Mold; Water Mold; Sac Fungi, Peziza, Microsphaera, Aspergillus; 

 Rusts; Basidiomycetes, Toadstool, Clavaria, Hydnum, Polyijorus. Lichens. 

 Liverworts and Mosses. Marchantia. Mosses. Ferns and their allies. 

 Ferns. Selaginella. Other Fteridophytes: Lycopodium, Equisetum. Re- 

 lationship of Cryptogams and Phanerogams ; the transition and homologies. 



168-212 



XVII. The Minute Anatomy of Flowering Plants. — Cellular struc- 

 ture. The cell: protoplasm, nucleus, nuclear division, cytoplasm, chloro- 

 phyll bodies, vacuoles, sap cavity. Starch. Protein granules. Calcium 

 oxalate. Multinuclear cells. Cell wall and modifications. Modified cells. 

 Wood fibers. Bast fibers. Collenchyma. Grit cells. Cell fusion. Latex 

 tubes. Fibrovascular bundles. Structure of stems. Structure of leaves. 

 Structure of roots 212-229 



XVIII. A Brief Outline of Vegetable Physiology. — Constituents of 

 the plant body. Sources of constituents. Absorption of water; of nutrient 

 salts. Transfer of water. Root pressure. Ascent of sap. Transpiration. 

 Carbon assimilation. Digestion. Formation of albuminous matter. Trans- 

 location of food. Storage. Respiration. Resting periods. Growth : phases, 

 grand period, fluctuations, conditions. Movements, spontaneous, induced. 

 Circumnutation. Geotropism, heliotropism, hydrotroiMsm. Variations of 

 light and heat. Change of turgidity. Irritability .... 229-240 



Appendlx 241-259 



Index and Glossary , . , ., 261-272 



