THE FRUIT 



149 



258. Fruit of the 

 Cranberry. 



Sections of 

 Pear. 



316. The berry, such as the Gooseberry and Currant, the Blueberry 

 and Cranberry (Fig. 258), the Tomato, and the Grape, 

 Here the whole flesh is soft throughout. The Orange 

 is a berry with a leathery rind. 



317. The pome, a name applied 

 to the Apple, Pear (Fig. 259), and 

 Quince. These are fleshy fruits, 

 like a berry, but the principal 

 thickness is the enlarged receptacle, 

 only the papery pods arranged like 

 a star in the core really belonging 

 to the carpels. 



318. The drupe, or stone fruit, 

 of which the Cherry, Plum, and 

 Peach (Fig. 255) are familiar exam- 

 ples. In these the outer part of the 

 thickness of the pericarp becomes 

 fleshy, or softens like a berry, while the inner hardens like a nut. 

 Two portions of the drupe are thus distinguishable, named respec- 

 tively exocarp — the outer, fleshy layer; 

 and the endocarp — the innermost layer, 

 the stone. 



319. Of dry fruits there is a great 

 diversity of kinds having distinct names. 



320. The achene is a small, dry, and 

 in dehiscent one-seeded fruit, often so 

 seedlike in ap- 

 pearance that it is 

 popularly taken 



for a naked seed. The fruit of the Buttercup 

 is a good example (Fig. 260). Its nature, as 

 a ripened pistil (in this case a simple carpel), 

 is apparent by its bearing the remains of a 

 style or stigma, or a scar from which this has 

 fallen. It may retain the style and use it in 

 various ways for dissemination (Fig. 261). 



321. The fruit of Compositag (though not 

 of a single carpel) is also an achene. In this 

 case the pericarp is invested by an adherent 

 calyx tube, the limb of which, when it has 

 any, is called the Pappus. This name was 

 first given to the down like that of the Thistle, 

 but is applied to the limb of the calyx, in 

 whatever form it appears, of the "compound 

 flower." In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 263), and the like, the achene 



260. 



Achene of Buttercup; at 

 the right, opened to 

 show the seed. 



201. 



Achene of Clematis, 

 the style retained 

 as a plume for 

 purposes of dis- 

 persal by winds. 



