ooxiFER.i:. (fine family.) 489 



Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM^. 



Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirel}' 

 wanting ; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a peri- 

 carp ) , and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. 

 Cotyledons often more than two. 



Order 107. CONIFER^3E. (Pine Family.) 



Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped 

 entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in catkins or soli- 

 tary, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Em- 

 brvo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of 

 ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is 

 marked with circular disks on two sides.) 



Suborder I. Piiiace<e. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becom- 

 ing cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. 

 Mostly nioncecious and evergreen. 



Tribe I. ABIETINE^. (Pixe Family proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consist- 

 ing of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the 

 axil of a thin persistent bract*, in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent 

 to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3-16. Anthers spi- 

 rally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. 

 Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped. 

 * Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky. 



1. Pinu.s. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales. 



* * Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin. 



t- Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed 



upon a prominent persistent base, solitary. 



2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal). 

 3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat. 



H- M- Cones erect ; bracts longer than the scales ; leaf-scars not prominent. 



4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath. 



5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous 

 Tribe II. TAXODIE^. Fertile aments of several si)irally arranged imbricated scales, 



without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each 

 scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not scaly. 



8. Taxodiiim. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous. 

 Tribe III. CUPKESSINE.aS. Scales of the fertile anient few. decussately opposite 

 er ternate, oecoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their 

 axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usu- 

 ally scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly. 

 * Moufficious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked. 



7 Chaniaecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged. 



8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8- 12 imbricateu scales. Seeds 2, 2-\vinged. 

 * * Dioecious. Fruit berrj'-like, with bony ovate seeds. 



9 Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked. 



