CEYLON BUTTERFLIES. 141 
It is very plentiful everywhere during the flights, but is not 
often found at high elevations, except when these are on. 
169. CATOPHAGA PAULINA ; Appias paulina, B. ; Catophaga 
melania paulina, K.—Also found in Malaya, Siam, and Java. 
Moore divides it into galene and lankapura. In galene 9 the 
under side of the hind wing is pearly white, while in lankapura 
Qitis yellow. They are now regarded as varieties only. 
It is very variable. In heavily marked specimens of the 
male the costa and apex of the fore wing are heavily irrorated 
with black scales. This dark area is widened on the termen 
in interspace 3, and then narrowed abruptly, stopping before 
vein 1. On the hind wing there are black spots on the termen 
at the end of each vein, and the tornus is irrorated with black 
scales. In the hghter marked specimens the black scaling is 
restricted to the costa, and a small patch at the apex of the 
fore wing. The female varies much in the width of the apical 
black area, and in the colour and markings of the under side. 
The variations may be seasonal, but all varieties fly together 
at all times. 
It is extremely plentiful all over the Island during the flights, 
and single specimens may be found everywhere all the year 
round. 
“Up as high as Pattipola, 6,000 feet ’’ (F. M. Mackwood). 
170. APpPiAs LIByTHEA.—Also found in India. 
This is another most variable species, especially in the case 
of the females. In the males the variation seems to be largely 
dependent on locality, the darkest specimens being most often 
found in the south-east of the Island, in the Hambantota— 
Tangalla country. This does not, however, apply to the 
females, as the most extreme forms always fly together, and 
my lightest and darkest specimens were taken on the same 
day at Murunkan (Mannar District) in July—dry season. 
The male is very similar to C. venusta 3, but can be distin- 
guished by the absence of the yellow tint on the under side 
of the hind wing. This is usually pure white and unmarked, 
but there is sometimes a small yellow patch at the humeral 
angle. I have two specimens which have black spots at the 
ends of the veins of the hind wing above ; on the under side 
there are diffuse black spots at the ends of veins 2 and 3 of 
=) 6(8) 19 
