PICARIAN BIRDS AND PARROTS OF CEYLON. 229 
casque and bill are pale yellow, witha black patch at the base 
of the mandible and a large black patch covering most of the 
upper portion of the casque. In males the back of the casque 
is also black. Iris in males orange-red, in females brown ; 
naked skin round eye, blackish in males, whitish in females ; 
bare skin of throat flesh coloured ; legs and feet grayish. 
In young birds the contour of the casque is not developed, 
but grades into the upper mandible, giving the beak a distinctly 
Roman-nosed appearance, and there are patches of bare skin 
on the thighs and hind-neck, which remain unfledged until 
after the wing and tail quills are fully formed. 
Length about 36; wing 13; tail 13; tarsus 2°5; bill from 
gape 7. Females are slightly smaller. 
Distribution —Found in the drier forest zone of the low- 
country, ascending the foothills to about 2,500 feet ; com- 
monest in the northern half of the Island. In India it occurs 
at the foot of the Western Ghauts and the forests of South- 
west Bengal, Orissa, and the Eastern-Central Provinces. 
Habits, &c.—Generally found in small troops in heavy forest. 
Tt has a laboured, ungainly, dipping flight, alternately flapping 
its wings and sailing. The note is loud and harsh. The 
curious nesting habits are described in the remarks on the 
family. The breeding season appears to be from March to 
June. The eggs are two to four in number, white at first, 
but much discoloured as incubation proceeds. They measure 
about 2 by 1°5. 
LOPHOCEROS GINGALENSIS (Blanford, Vol. IIL., p. 157). 
TOCKUS GINGALENSIS (Legge, p. 275). 
The Ceylon Hornbill. 
Description.—Crown. and nape ashy-brown with pale shaft- 
stripes ; ear coverts slightly darker ; rest of upper plumage 
ashy-gray, the wing coverts with darker edges ; wing quills 
black, the middle primaries with white tips and the secondaries 
with gray outer margins ; tail feathers dusky with a greenish 
tinge, all but the central pair with broad white ends ; in old 
birds the three outer pairs become entirely white. Lower 
parts grayish-white, becoming lighter with age; vent and 
lower tail coverts dingy rufous. 
6 6(5)20 
