230 GYMNOSPERMS 



group includes the Abietaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, and 

 Araucariaceae ; and the other contains the rest, the Podocarpaceae 

 and Taxaceae. To the first group Buchholz gave the subordinal 

 name ^^PJianerostrobilarcs,'' because there is obviously an ovulate 

 cone; to the other he gave the name ^^Aplia>wstrobilares,'' because 

 there is not such an obvious cone. The second name is not so ap- 

 propriate, because some of its genera have obvious strobili, and even 

 cones. Both of the names are too long for laboratory use, and in 

 some of the Aphanostrobilares there is a good strobilus, even a cone. 

 To obviate both of these objections, the name 'Tinaceae," for the 

 first group, is objectionable, because it is also used to cover only the 

 Abietaceae; and Taxaceae is just as objectionable for the second 

 group, because it is so often used to cover both taxads and podo- 

 carps. Using the ending ares, approved by the international con- 

 gress as the official ending for suborders, Buchholz now proposes 

 the name "Pinares," to cover Abietaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupres- 

 saceae, and Araucariaceae, with whatever else may be made by 

 splitting any of these; and '^Taxares^^ to cover Podocarpaceae and 

 Taxaceae, with any which may be made by a similar splitting. 

 These names, which are short, useful, and free from any ambiguity, 

 should come into general use. We shall use them throughout this 

 work. 



The grouping into families and the sequence of families and 

 genera will depend upon each investigator. If he is an anatomist, 

 anatomy will determine the treatment. If strobili are considered 

 more important, they will determine the grouping and sequence. If 

 the gametophytes are emphasized, there will be still another arrange- 

 ment. 



But whatever the arrangement may be, it must not be imagined 

 that any family is derived from the one mentioned before it; or that 

 a highly developed organ has been derived from the less highly 

 developed organ of another genus. Both may have been derived 

 from a still earlier type, one having advanced farther than the other. 



The families, in all of the lists, seem to be groups of more or less 

 closely related genera. Geologically, some have been traced farther 

 back than others, and so, in at least one way, can qualify as an- 

 cestors. 



