Monotypic, created because of suctorial nature 
of mouth. Recent, Madeira. 
PARADOXOSTOMATIDAE Brady and Norman 1889,p.67,229, a family 
of Podocopa for the genera Paradoxostoma and 

Machaerina. 
PARADOXOSTOMINAE Ge. W. Miiller 1894,p.308, a subfamily of 
Cytheridae for Cytherois, Paradoxostoma, and 
Machaerina™Xiphichilus. 
PARAECHMINA [Cytherina spinosa Hall, 1852,p.317,pl.67,f.17- 
21 (not Cytherina spinosa Reuss 1846)] Ulrich and 
Bassler 1923a,p.299 [Primitiidae by Bassler and 
Kellett 1934,p.421; Aechminidae by Swartz 1936, 
pe550; Drepanellidae-Aechmininae by Schmidt 1941, 
p.63]) Silurian, New York. 
PARAGRAPHYLUS [P. reticulatus] Coryell and Rosanski 1942, 
pel [Quasillitidae by C&R; ?Youngiellidae by 
Agnew 1942,p.759; Quasillitidae-Quasillitinae by 
Henningsmoen 1953, pe257,275] Mississippian -of 
Illinois. 
PARAHEALDIA [P. percorella] Coryell and Cuskley 1934, p.3. 
[Primitiidae by C&C; Bairdiidae by Swart. 1936, 
pe581) Devonian, Oklahoma. 
140 
