30 GANONG ON ST. LAWEENCE 



a cape, 9, not named by him, the present Point Escumenac ; 10 represents Miramichi Bay ; 

 11, the Cap d'Espérance, the present Miscou Point, and 12, is, of course, the Bay Chaleur. 

 At 13 is the exaggerated group of islands representing Isle Bonaventure and Percé ; 14 is 

 G-aspé Bay and Harbor. At 15 we have clearly what should be the southern entrance to 

 the St. Lawrence, but which, it will be remembered, Cartier crossed, thinking he saw the 

 laud ranging in a semicircle all the way across ; 16 would represent the point near which 

 he reached Anticosti ; It, East Cape of Anticosti, Cartier's St. Louis ; 18, Cape Montmorency 

 and 19, St. Peter's Strait between the north of Anticosti and Labrador. Above that, the 

 river widens out, as Cartier saw, in his first voyage, that it was beginning to do when 

 he had to turn back. 16, 17, 18, 19 would therefore represent the eastern and northern 

 part of Anticosti.' 



There is nothing on this map to indicate that its maker had any knowledge of Cartier's 

 second voyage, but it corresponds exceedingly well with the facts of the first narrative. 

 Is it not a fair inference, that it follows, at least for the most part, Cartier's own map of 

 his first voyage ? Rotz has a second map " quite different from the first, though of the 

 same year, which shows the second voyage, but it has no special interest for us here. 



B. — Tlie Dauphin or Henri II Map, 1546. 



The next map to which I invite attention here, is one which represents Cartier's 

 explorations better than any other of the sixteenth century. It is the so-called " Dauphin 

 or Henri II Map," and is now known to have been made by Pierre Desceliers in 1546. 

 The original is a map of the whole world. It is reproduced by M. Jomard in his 

 " Mouumens de la Gréographie," Plate XIX, 1, and from this the sketch on p. 31 is taken.' 



All writers unite in praising the pains-taking, accurate and trvithful character of the 

 maker, and the beauty, clearness and great value of the map itself.^ It is considered to be 

 a faithful picture of the geographical knowledge of Frenchmen at the time it was made. 

 Desceliers was the contemporary and almost the neighbour of Cartier, and was undoubtedly 

 personally familiar with Cartier's maps and records, even if he did not know Cartier him- 

 self We proceed, then, with an expectation of finding in this map the geographical 

 knowledge of the Gulf given to the world by Cartier, or in other words, nearly Cartier's 

 own idea of its topography. 



Let us look first at the group of islands to the west of the entrance of the Gulf, a 

 group lying in the position of the Magdalenes. As to " ye aux margaulx," there can be 

 no doubt ; this is Cartier's own name applied to our Bird Eocks. " Ye brion " is equally 



' Harrisse, (op. oit. pp. 203-204) says : " Si on ne voit pas l'île d' Anticosti sur la carte de Eotz, il faut attribuer 

 cette omission à un simple lapsus." The explanation simply is that Rotz's map shows Cartier's first voyage only, 

 and it was not until his second that he found Anticosti to be an island. 



2 "America," iv. 83. 



■' There is also a reduced sketch in Kohl, Discovery of IMaine, p. 351, :ind in America, iv. 85. 



* Dr. Kohl, (op. cit. p. 351,) says of it: "The map is not only one of the most brilliant, but also one of the most 

 exact and trustworthy pictures of the world which we have in the first part of the sixteenth century. It gives 

 accurately all that was known of the world in 1-543, especially of the ocean, and the outlines of the coasts of different 

 countries," and again, " The author of the map must have been a well instructed, intelligent and conscientious 

 man. Where the coasts of a country are not known to him, he so designates them. For his representation of 

 countries recently discovered and already known, he had before him the best models and originals." 



