42 GANONa ON ST. LAWEENCB 



precisely that of Mercator. The maps treated of iu the foregoing pages are the principal 

 ones of the century. 



I.— 27ie Lescarbot Map, 1609. 



Iu many respects Lescarbot's map of 1609 ' is more nearly allied to those of this than 

 to those of a later period. "While his topography is iu special points more accurate than 

 Mercator's or the Henri II map, it is iu general little, if any, better iu this respect. It 

 makes one island of Newfoundland, but its outline is far from being as correct as it is in 

 the Henri II map. For the first time Cape Breton Island is clearly defined and the Bras 

 d'Or lakes shown. But there is no trace at all of the large island of the Magdalenes, aud 

 none at all of Prince Edward Island. He made a strenuous effort to retain all of Cartier's 

 names, and I believe there is hardly one of the latter that he has uot worked into his 

 map. But having no accurate charts to guide him, aud, of course, uot possessiug Cartier's 

 originals, he has made hopeless confusion of the whole matter. He has not eveu used 

 Cartier's narratives with care. He places on Cape Breton many localities which no one 

 now doubts were on Newfoundland. Lescarbot's opinion as to the places named by Car- 

 tier is quite valueless. He derived much of the material of his map, of course, from 

 Champlain ; he never visited the Grulf of St. Lawrence himself "We have introduced, 

 however, for the first time, some new names, afterwards appearing on Champlain's maps, 

 which are the beginning of our modern nomenclature. Such are Auticosti, Mesamichis 

 (Miramichi), Tregate (Tracadie), Campseau (Oanso), He Percée, He Bonaveuture and others. 

 With Lescarbot, Cartier's nomenclature as a whole disappears from all good maps. It 

 revives occasionally irpon later compilations, sometimes with Champlain's correct topo- 

 graphy, but such are off the line of advance. 



"With Champlain's maps, and particularly with, that of 1632, begins our modern 

 nomenclature ; we have here a long step in advance and one never to be retraced. Since 

 then the place-names and topography of the Gulf have not changed on our maps ; they 

 have simply developed. 



J. — Cartier's Own Maps. 



It is not impossible that Cartier's own maps may yet be found, but such a desirable 

 event is hardly probable. "We have no evidence that they were ever engraved, and even 

 as early as 158*7 his papers had been lost sight of His nephew, Jacques Noel, writing to 

 a friend, at that date, from Paris, said : " I can write nothing else unto you of any thing 

 that I can recover of the writings of Captaine laques Cartier my uncle disceased, although 

 I have made search in all places that I could possibly iu this Towne: saving of a certain 

 booke made in maner of a sea-Chart, Avhich was drawne by the hand of my said uncle." ^ 



Yet from the data supplied by the maps we have considered we can form some idea 

 of what those made by Cartier must have contained. These all bear evidence that, if not 

 taken from Cartier's own, they derived their topography and names from some one or two 

 which had been in turn really taken from Cartier's. Each map-maker copying the names, 

 turned them into his own language as far as possible, and used his own judgment as to 



' See reproduction in Tross' reprint. * Hakluyt, iii. 290. 



