44 GANONG ON ST. LAWEBNCE 



drawn from similar or the same originals. Such may have been copied directly from 

 Cartier's own notes and draughts, and in them this west coast may have been defaced in 

 any one of a dozen possible ways.^ 



B. — Early Cartography of the Magdalenes and Cape Breton Island. 



I believe a somewhat similar reason is to be found at the basis of my second question, 

 but in order to make it clear, I must introduce another map. This is the so-called Jomard 

 map of uncertain date, but supposed to belong between 1550 and 1560. It is in manu- 

 script and a much reduced copy, from which this sketch is taken, appears in Winsor's 

 " Narrative and Critical History of America," Vol. IV, p. 89. 



^...^y-^j^^ 



Fig. 8.— The Jomard Map, 155— (?). 



No doubt it has suffered in the reduction from the original, and it has suffered in my 

 transference from " America." But its strong resemblance to the map of Eotz given above 

 must at once strike one. The two are identical in their topography as far as the Rotz 

 map goes, except that the Jomard map has Anticosti separated from the mainland. Now 

 what is the meaning of this immensely broad peninsula occupying the position of Cape 

 Breton? And where is the group of the Magdalenes explored by Cartier on his first voy- 

 age ? We may get some light on the difficulty, if Ave examine in connection with these 

 our Henii II map. There we find an island marked " ye aux margaulx " corresponding to 

 No. 1 on Rotz and 5 on Jomard, " ye briou " to 2 on Eotz and 6 on Jomard, " alezay " to 4 

 on Rotz and 8 on Jomard, and a northern coast on the large island corresponding with 

 the coast, 3 on Rotz and T on Jomard. My idea is that here we have the Magdalene 

 group fused with the mainland, or rather with Cape Breton, just as Prince Edward Island 

 was throughout the century. Rotz's map shows Cartier's first voyage only, with no trace 

 whatever of his second. Now, on his first voyage, Cartier explored this group on its 

 northern and western sides, and he knew nothing at all about the coast of Cape Breton" 

 to the south, nor about the eastern coast of the Magdalenes. I believe, therefore, that on 



' This tends to show that these early map-makers rehed cliiefly upon Cartier's maps in constructing theirs and 

 made httle use of tlie narratives. One could more easily reconstruct his course on Newfoundland from his narra- 

 tive than in any other part of the journey. 



'' This is shown by the fact tliat he did not even know on his first voyage of the passage between Newfound- 

 land and Cape Breton. In the narrative he says : (Relation originale, p. 20-) "Je présume mielx que aultre- 

 ment, à ce que j'ay veu, qu'il luy aict aulcun passaige entre la Terre Neufiue et la terre des Bretons. Sy ainsi 

 estoit, se seroit une grande abreuiacion, tant pour le temps que pour le chemyn, se se treuue parfection en ce voy- 

 age." Clearly he did not know the j^assage and therefore he could not have known the coast inside of it. What 

 could he do but leave that coast unrepresented ? 



