78 SIE DANIEL "WILSON 



to have been employed in the construction of the great earthworks. But the transporta- 

 tion of the unwrought blocks of hornstone to the workyards in the valley would have 

 involved great labour in the construction of roads, as well as of sledges or waggons 

 suited to such trafSc. In lieu of this, the accumulated waste chips in the quarries show 

 the amouut of labour that was expended there in order to facilitate the transport of the 

 useful material. Suitable flakes and chips were no doubt also carried off to be turned to 

 account for scrapers, knives and other small implements. Partially shaped disks and 

 other pieces of all sizes abound in the pits, but the finer manipulation, by meaus of which 

 small arrow-heads, lances, drills, scrapers, etc., were fashioned, was reserved for leisure 

 hours at home, and for the patient labour of the skilled tool-maker, for whose use the raw 

 material was chiefly quarried. 



In the tool-bearing drift of France and England the large characteristic flint imple- 

 ments occur in beds of gravel and clay abounding iu flakes and chips in every stage of 

 accidental fracture, to some of which M. Boucher de Perthes assigned an artificial origin, 

 and very fanciful significance. But if the palaeolithic flint-worker in any case quarried 

 for his material before the latest geological reconstruction of the beds of rolled gravel, the 

 fractured flints may include traces of primeval quarrying, as well as of the tool-maker's 

 labours ; for the rolled-gravel beds occur in river valleys best adapted to the habitat of 

 post-glacial man. 



In a report furnished to the Peabody Museum of Archaeology, by Mr. Paul 

 Schumacher, he contributes some interesting evidence relative to the quarrying and manu- 

 factures of the stone-workers of Southern California. The Indians of the Pacific coast, 

 south of San Francisco, not only furnished themselves with chisels, axes, and the like 

 class of implements, but with pots for culinary purposes, made of steatite, usually of a 

 greenish grey colour. In 18YG, Mr. Schumacher dis;:'Overed various quarries of the old 

 pot-manufacturers, with their tools and unliuished articles lying there. The softer stone 

 had been used for pots, while the close-grained darker serpentine, was chiefly employed 

 in making the weights for digging sticks, cups, pipes, and ornaments. " I was struck," 

 he says, " on examining the locality through a field-glass, by the discovery of so many 

 silverhued mounds, the debris of pits, the rock quarries and open-air workshops, so that I 

 believed I had found the main factory of the ollas of the California aborigines." ' He also 

 discovered the slate quarry, where the rock had been broken off in irregular blocks, from 

 which the pieces best adapted for chisels were selected and fashioned into the forms 

 specially useful in making the steatite pots. A veue];able Spanish lady told Mr. 

 Schumacher that she recollected her mother telling her how the Indians had brought 

 ollas in canoe-loads from the islands in Santa Barbara Channel to the mainland, and there 

 exchanged them for such necessities as the islanders were in need of. This tradition was 

 subsequently confirmed by an old Mexican guide. Similar evidence of systematic indus- 

 try with the accompanying trade, or barter, meets the explorer at many points from the 

 Gulf of Mexico northward to beyond the Canadian lakes. The pyrulse from the Mexican 

 Gulf are of frequent occurrence iu Northern ossuaries and grave mounds, while corres- 

 ponding soiithern sepulchral deposits disclose the catlinite of the Couteau des Prairies 

 and the native copper of the Lake Superior mines. Obsidian is another prized material 



' Report of the PeaboJy Museum, ii. 262. 



