ON THE STONE AGE. 85 



different sites, and disseminated from them by the primitive trader. Along eastern 

 Labrador and in Newfoundland arrow-heads are mostly fashioned out of a peculiar light- 

 grey translucent quartzite. Dr. Bell informs me that near Chimo, south of Ungava Bay, is 

 a spot resorted to by the Indians from time immemorial for this favorite material ; and 

 arrows made of it are not uncommon even in Nova Scotia. Among the tribes remote 

 from the sea coast, where no exposed rock furnished available material for the manufac- 

 ture of their stone implements, the chief source of supply was the larger pebbles of the 

 river beds. From these the most suitable stones were carefully selected, and often carried 

 great distances. These most easily worked into Hakes for small arrow-heads are chalce- 

 dony, jasper, agate and quartz ; and the finer specimens of such weapons are now greatly 

 prized by collectors. The coast tribes both of the Atlantic and the Pacific found similar 

 sources of supply of the stones best suited for their implements in the rolled gravel of 

 the beach, and this appears to have been the most frequent resort of the Micmaks and 

 other tribes of the Canadian Maritime Provinces. 



I have already referred to information derived from Dr. Gr. M. Dawson and Dr. Eobert 

 Bell, to both of whom I have been indebted for interesting results of their own personal 

 observations as members of the Canadian Greological Survey. Collectors are familiar 

 with the elongated fiat stones, with two or more holes bored through them, variously 

 styled gorgets, implements for fashioning sinew into cord, etc. They are made of a 

 grayish green clay slate, with dark streaks ; and the same material is used in the 

 manufacture of personal ornaments, ceremonial objects, and occasionally for smooth spear 

 heads and knives. Relics fashioned of this peculiar clay slate are found throughout 

 Ontario, from Lakes Huron and Erie to the Ottawa valley. A somewhat similar stone 

 occurs in situ at various points, but Dr. Bell believes he has satisfactorily identified the 

 ancient quarry at the outlet of Lake Temagamic, nearly one hundred miles north of 

 Lake Nipissing. No clay slate procured from any other locality corresponds so exactly 

 ■to the favourite material. The site is accessible by more than one canoe route ; and 

 quantities of the rock from different beds lie broken up in blocks of a size ready for 

 transportation. Dr. Bell found on the shore of Lake Temissaming a large unfinished 

 spear head, chipped out of this clay-slate, and ready for grinding. When the region is 

 settled and the land cleared, sites will probably be discovered where the aboriginal 

 exporters reduced the rough blocks to form for convenient transport. 



Dr. Bell has described to me specimens of narrow and .somewhat long spear points, 

 of local manufacture, made from smoky chert found on or near Athabaska, iu Mackenzie 

 Eiver basin; and an arrow head of brown Hint from the mouth of Churchill River, 

 Hudson Bay. The ilint implements of Rainy River and Lake of the Woods are of 

 brownish flint and chert such as are found in the drift all over the region to the soirth- 

 westward of Hudson Bay ; and are mostly derived from the Devonian rocks. Worn 

 pebbles of this kind occur in the drift as far south as Lake Superior. A branch of 

 Kinogami River, is called by the Indians Flint River (Peioona sipi) from the abundance 

 of the favourite material they find in the river gravel and shingle. The finest flint 

 implements of Canada are those of the north shore of Lake Huron, made from material 

 correspodiug to a very fine grained quartzite, approximating to chalcedonj', found among 

 the Huronian rocks of that region. Dr. Bell has referred to this in his report for 1875. 



Along the western coast of the Province of Nova Scotia a high ridge of trap rock 



