2/8 LOCALISATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES chap. 



wich Islands, in spite of the enormous intervening distance, are 

 not very different from those of Natal, but the land Mollusca of 

 the two countries are as widely different as is possible to imagine. 



Land Mollusca are, as has been remarked, fettered to the soil. 

 Quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and reptiles are provided with organs of 

 motion which enable them to overpass barriers of various kinds. 

 Even plants, although themselves incapable of motion, may be 

 conveyed in every direction by means of seeds, which are either 

 wafted by the wind or adhere to the skin of animals. But the 

 Mollusca have no such regular means of transport, and are, in a 

 large number of instances, limited to districts of a certain char- 

 acter of soil, or producing certain kinds of vegetation. 



The localisation, both of genera and species, occurs all over 

 the world. The genus Achatinella, which is peculiar to the 

 Sandwich Islands, is found there in a profusion of species. It 

 lives in the mountain valleys which radiate from the central 

 ridge of each island, and each valley is characterised by its own 

 peculiar set of species. The great carnivorous Glandina is 

 restricted to Central America and the adjacent parts of the two 

 continents, with one or two species in Southern Europe. Bulimus 

 proper is restricted to South America; Acliatina to Africa south 

 of the Sahara ; Tornatellma to the Pacific Islands ; Coclilostyla 

 to the Philippines ; 6^j/?mt7re?/a and Bulimulus are peculiar to 

 the New World ; Buliminus^ Nanina^ Scarahus^ and Cassidula to 

 the Old. 



Extreme cases of this restriction of habitat sometimes occur. 

 Thus Limnaea involnta is found only in a single small mountain 

 tarn in Ireland ; Clansilia scalaris along a narrow strip of lime- 

 stone in Malta ; Strophia nana is confined to a few square rods 

 on an island that is itself a mere dot in the Caribbean Sea ; the 

 genus Camptonyx occurs only in the neighbourhood of Mt. Girnar, 

 in Gujerat; and Lantzia in moss on the top of a mountain in 

 Bourbon. 



Attempts to colonise snails in strange localities have usually 

 resulted in failure, especially when the attempt has involved 

 serious changes of environment. The common Cochlicella acuta 

 of our coasts resists all endeavours to establish it beyond a cer- 

 tain distance from the sea. Snails brought from the Riviera and 

 placed under almost similar conditions of climate on our own 

 southern coasts have lived for a while, but have very rarely taken 



