230 
Porifera. 
Fam. V. Chalinidae. (Diagnose wie früher; s. S. 226) 9 Genera 
Fam. VI. Phakelliadae. (id. s. S. 226) 1 Genus. 
Fam. VII. Halichondriadae. (id. s. S. 226) 27 Genera. 
Fam. VIII. Polymastiadae. (id. s. S. 226) 3 Genera. 
Fam. IX.  Ophistospongiadae. (id. s. S. 226) 2 Genera. 
Order II. Suberispongia. Skeleton massive, composed of sarcode densely 
charged with simple or pin-like spieules; without branched excre- 
tory system, which is replaced for the most part by areolar cavities 
inosculating and finally terminating in vents on the surface. 
Fam. I. Suberitidae. 2 Genera. 
Fam. II. Rhaphiophoridae. 3 Genera. 
Fam. III. COlioniadae. 8 (10) Genera. 
Order III. Arenospongia. Skeleton consisting of agglutinations of grains 
of sand, forming a subeircular disk, with spicules on the eircum- 
ference and at the mouth of the oscules. 
Fam. I. Xenospongiadae. (Diagn. wie früher; s. S. 226) 1 (2) Genus. 
Subsection II. Aecanthospongia. Sponge armed with peculiar-shaped spicules. 
as well as the usual formed ones found in the other sections. 
Öften ‚several kinds in the same Sponge. 
Order IV. Hamispongia. Sponge horny or fleshy, strengthened with 
fusiform or needle-like spicules, interspersed with anchorate or 
bihamate spicules. 
Fam. I. Zsperiadae. Anchorate spicules with a large and a small 
or rudimentary fluke, attached to the keratose skeleton; bihamate _ 
and polyhamate spicules are often immersed in the sarcode. 
S Genera. 
Fam. II. Desmacidonidae. Retentive spicules with a similar well- 
defined expanded unilateral fluke at each end (aequi-bi-anchorate), 
free in the sarcode, which also contains simple or bihamate spi- 
eules. 15 Genera. 
Fam. II. Hamacanthidae. Retentive spicules with a definite com- 
pressend sharp -edged fluke at each end, free in the sarcode. 
Sponge thin, coating. 1 Genus. 
Fam. IV. Gelliadae. Defensive spicules simple or contorted, without 
any bianchorate spicules intermixed, free in the sarcode. 5 (6) 
(senera. 
Order V. Coralliospongia. Sponge with hexradiate spicules covering 
the surface or imbedded in the sarcode, and very often simple 
or forked tricurvafe spicules imbedded in the sarcode. The sar- 
code of this family is very fluid or very slight, and scarcely 
visible in the dried Sponge. 
Fam. I. Pteronemadae. Sponge oblong; outer surface formed of 
hexradiate spicules; lower surface with elongate filiform spicules 
ending in three recurved lobes. 3 Genera. 
Fam. II. Lanuginellidae. Sponge cub-shaped, attached; surface of 
the sponge formed of abundant irregularly placed hexaradiate 
spicules with very long subulate ends, and with scattered spheres 
of very lon& radiating spicules with dilated ends. 1 Genus. 
Fam. III. Zuplectelladae. Sponge tubular, free, formed of bundles 
of elongated thread-like spicules placed in horizontal transverse 
and oblique directions, often crossing each other, forming more 
or less irregular network, and often closed at the top by a netted 
lid forıned of shorter spieules; the base with elongated free spi- 
eules terminating in three or four short spines, by which it is 

