CONTENTS 



IX 



Some nuisances .... 

 Further consideration . 



X. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 



Climatic 



Physiographic 



Edaphic 



Biotic. 



Further consideration 



XI. MAIN HABITATS, SUCCESSIONS, AND 

 CLIMAXES 



Terrestrial habitats 

 Aquatic habitats . 

 Microhabitats 

 Main successions 

 Main climaxes 

 Further consideration 



XIL VEGETATIONAL TYPES OF TEMPERATE 

 AND ADJACENT LANDS 



Deciduous summer forests . 



Northern coniferous forests . 

 , Warm-temperate rain forests 

 - Sclerophyllous, etc., woodlands 



Heathlands and grasslands 



Semi-deserts and deserts 



Salt-marshes 



Serai communities 



Some physiographic effects 



Further consideration . 



XIII. VEGETATIONAL TYPES OF POLAR LANDS 



AND HIGH ALTITUDES 



Arctic tundras 

 Arctic scrub and heathlands 

 Arctic fell-fields and barrens 

 Seaside and other local types 

 Serai types .... 

 High altitudes 

 Antarctic types . 

 Further consideration . 



XIV. VEGETATIONAL TYPES OF TROPICAL AND 



ADJACENT LANDS 



Tropical rain forests ...... 



Tropical forests with a seasonal rhythm 



Tropical and subtropical savannas and other grasslands 



Semi-desert scrubs ...... 



Tropical and subtropical deserts .... 



Mangrove and other sea-shore vegetation 

 Further serai or edaphic communities . 



279 

 281 



283 

 284 



293 

 296 



304 

 311 



313 



314 

 316 

 320 

 322 

 329 

 335 



336 



337 

 343 

 350 

 354 

 358 

 364 

 368 



370 

 375 

 377 



380 



382 

 390 

 395 

 399 

 405 

 409 



415 

 422 



423 



423 

 439 

 443 

 447 

 449 

 454 

 460 



