12] VEGETATIONAL TYPES OF TEMPERATE LANDS 339 



though there may be tall shrubs or some smaller (often young or 

 unsuccessful) trees forming a partial second stratum below. Such a 

 lower stratum is especially to be seen when the main tree storey is 

 not well developed, for when the latter is dense there is normally 

 but scanty development of tall plants below it, and not much even 

 of under-shrubs and herbs. There are also few climbers in most 

 deciduous summer forests, while any epiphytes consist usually of 

 lowly cryptogams. Consequently such temperate forests tend to 



Fit;. 95. — Alixed deciduous forest in northeastern United States- similar to that 

 shown in Fig. 94, but in summer. (Phot. G. E. Nichols.) 



be far less luxuriant than most tropical ones, as may be seen on 

 comparing Figs. 94 and 95 with Figs. 143 and 144. Often there 

 is far less undergrowth in the temperate forests than is shown in 

 these photographs, so that the contrast with tropical rain forests is 

 still more striking. 



In deciduous summer forests the winter buds burst forth and the 

 leaves of the dominants expand quickly, soon after the growing- 

 season starts with the advent of suitable temperatures. The foliage 

 is thus fully developed quite early in the season, so that little time 

 is lost. Flowering also tends to be completed early, giving ample 



