12] VEGETATIONAL TYPES OF TEMPERATE LANDS 341 



America, eastern Asia, and southeastern Europe, which differ much 

 from the above in systematic composition, but nevertheless tend to 

 be roughly comparable with them in physical form. Thus various 

 different Oaks {Ouercus spp.). Beeches {Fagiis spp.), Birches {Betula 

 spp.), Hickories {Carya spp.). Walnuts {Jitglans spp.). Maples {Acer 

 spp.), Basswoods {Tilia spp.). Elms [Ulmus spp.), Ashes (Fraxinus 

 spp.). Tulip-trees {Liriodendron sp. or spp.). Sweet Chestnuts 

 {Castanea spp.), Hornbeams {Carpimis spp.), and many others, here 

 may vie with Conifers such as Pines and Spruces and their allies 

 — often doubtless as a result of disturbance. The undergrowth is 

 commonly luxuriant and various, as is the herb layer especialily 

 where light penetrates, while climbers are relatively plentiful. The 

 range and variety, not only between the different regions but even 

 within the main individual ones, is far too great for us to do justce 

 to here, much less to describe the types in any detail. Those of 

 eastern North America are well treated by Braun in the book cited 

 at the end of this chapter, and those of eastern Asia are described 

 by Wang Chi-wu in a work which it is hoped may soon be published 

 by the successors of Chronica Botanica. Examples from eastern 

 North America are shown in winter and summer aspects in Figs. 94 

 and 95, respectively. Here the main pertinent types to be recognized 

 include : {a) the mixed mesophytic type of moist but well-drained, 

 unglaciated plateaus, e.g. of the Appalachians, in which dominance 

 is shared by a number of species of trees, particularly American 

 Beech {Fagus grandifolia), Tulip-tree {Liriodendron tulipifera), several 

 kinds of Basswood {Tilia spp.). Sugar Maple {Acer sacchartim), Red 

 and White Oaks {Ouercus rubra s.l. and O. alba), and Hemlock {Tsuga 

 canadensis) ; {b) the mixed Oak-Hickory type of southern mid- 

 western uplands, extending northwards on to ' glaciated ' territory 

 and southwards with the admixture of abundant Pines ; {c) the 

 Oak-Chestnut type extending eastwards on to the coastal plain from 

 northern Virginia northwards and, now that the Chestnut has largely 

 disappeared as a tree owing to fungal ravage, dominated chiefly by 

 White Oak, Red Oak, Chestnut Oak {Ouercus montana), and Tulip- 

 tree ; {d) the Beech-Maple type lying in the glaciated territory to 

 the north of the mixed mesophytic type, and dominated chiefly by 

 Beech and Sugar Maple, though many areas are youthful and still 

 serai ; and {e) the Maple-Basswood type centred on the driftless 

 area of Wisconsin, in which Sugar Maple and Basswood {Tilia 

 americana) are the dominants of the climax, which usually contains 

 much associated Red Oak. In Japan and adjacent China, etc., much 



