12] VEGETATIONAL TYPES OF TEMPERATE LANDS 347 



Fig. 97. — liurcal coniferous forest surrounding lake-side bog in sheltered valley 

 in Tronis, far north of the Arctic Circle in Norway. The dominant is Scots 

 Pine of the conical Lapponian form. The ground-vegetation is heathy, but in 

 drier situations is apt to consist largely of light-coloured Lichens as in Fig. 98. 



Fig. 98. — Outside the taiga in northern Ungava, Canada. The scattered domin- 

 ants of the taiga, seen in the middle-distance, are Black Spruce {Picea mariana) 

 and Tamarack (Larix laricina), the ground between, as in the foreground, being 

 largelv occupied by swarded Lichens, though many lichen-covered boulders and 

 dark patches of Crowberry (Empetrum) and Mosses are visible. In centre is seen 

 a tvpical Spruce outlier consisting mainly of a lower deck that is protected by 

 snow in winter {cf. Fig. 82, A), but with some puny stems straggling above. 



