584 INDEX 



Annual rainfall, see Precipitation (annual) 



— rings, see Growth-rings 

 Antagonism, chemical, 79, 80 

 — , physiological, 80 

 Antarctic, 148, 166, 380, 415-19, 537-8 



— Algae, 416, 417, 418, 538 



— Bacteria, 417, 418, 419 



— circle, 380 



— climate, 415 



— Continent, 172, 415, 416, 417, 418 



— discontinuous range (distribution), 



195, 196 

 — , distribution of plants in, 184 



— flora, 72, 415-22 

 — , forests absent from, 246 



— fossil plants, 171, 195 



— glaciation, 156, 416 

 — , ice action on plants in, 537-8 



— ice-cap, 414 



— land-bridge, supposed, 171-2 

 ■ — life abundant in sea only, 535 

 — , poverty of flora of, 416 



— Sea, temperatures in, 510 



— types of vegetation, 383, 415-22 

 — , vegetation of eulittoral in, 537-8 

 Antarctica, 148, 166, 195, 416, 418, 419 

 Anthrax, 26 

 Anthropic disturbance, 374 



— influence, 31 1 

 Anthropogenic relic, 200-1 

 Antibiotics, 46, 80, 265 

 Antipodes Islands, 421 

 Ants, 1 17, 432 



Aphanizomenon ftos-oqiiae, 487 

 Aphanothece, 28 



Aphids, vectors of virus diseases, 117 

 Aphotic sea-bottoms, 538-40 



— zone, 473, 518, 538 

 Apices of stems and roots, 13 

 Apocynaceae (Periwinkle family), 272 

 Apomict, 234 

 Apomictically, 33 

 Appalachian Mountains, 341 

 Apple, see Pyrtis mains 

 Applicational possibilities, 542-3, 573-9 

 Apricot, 258 

 Aquatic annual plants, 506 



— environinent, 317, 472-506 



— freshwater communities, 472-506 



— Fungi, 117, 481 



— habitats, 316-20 

 , light and, 317, 474-5, 511-13 



— organisms, geographical range of, 



317,472,478-9 



, sensitive to environmental 



change, 509 



— vegetation, factors affecting, 317, 474 



, periodicity of, 475-6 



, photosynthesis of, 473, 475, 477 



, widespread occurrence of, 472 



Arabia, 447 



Arabian desert, 365, 449 

 Araceae (Aroids), 73 

 Arachis hypogaea (Peanut, Groundnut), 

 234-5, 258, 259, 265-6, 282 



, world production of, 238 



Arceuthobium, 121, 123 



Archaeozoic era, 128, 145 



Arches, 550 



Archibenthic zone, 512, 513 



Archil, 274 



Arctagrostis, see Arctagrostis latifolia s.l. 



Arctogrostis lotifolia s.l., 384, 406 



Arctic, 100, 174, 224, 323, 380 



— Algae, 39, 478, 490, 520, 535, 536-7 

 alpine discontinuous range (dis- 

 tribution), 189, 192 



— America, 537 

 — , annuals scarce in, 93, 537 



— Archipelago, 162 



— Avens, see Dryas integrifoUa agg. 



— barrens, 395-9 



— Bell-heather, see Cassiope tetragona 



— benthos, 536-7 

 — , biological spectrum of, 95 



— bird-cliffs, 401 

 — , ' blooming ' of Diatoms in, 520 



— Blueberry, see Vacciriitim uliginosum 

 subsp. alpinum 



— Canada, 382, 384-6, 391-407, 422 



— circle, 380 



— circumpolar distribution, 184, 185 

 — , climatic conditions in, 380-1 

 — , conditions and plants in, 315, 381-2 

 — , eulittoral zone, ice-action in, 536 



— fell-fields, 395-9 

 — , Ferns in, 62 



— Fireweed, see Epilobhim latifoliitm 

 — , former floras of, 155, 171 

 — , frost-action in, 177, 323, 395, 396 



— heathlands, 392-5, 404 



— hydroseres. Algae in, 406 



— lithoseres, 405, 407 



— Lycopodineae, 57 



— marine vegetation, 535-7, 538 



— maritime habitats, 399, 400, 401 



— Meadow-grass, see Poa arctico s.l. 

 — - Ocean, 127, 388 



, Bacteria in bottom deposits of, 539 



— , open habitats in, 1 14, 177, 395, 397 

 — , perennials in, 78 



— Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae), 535, 



536, 537 . 

 — , physiographic aspects in, 294, 410 



— plants on southern mountains, 164, 



2IO 



— Poppy, see Papaver radicatiim s.l. 

 — , precipitation in, 316, 381 

 — , regional belts in, 382 

 — , Rhodophyceae in, 39, 535, 537 



— salt-marshes, 399, 400, 401 



— screes, 389, 407 



