586 INDEX 



Australia, grasslands in, 360, 363 



— , Jurassic flora in, 149 



— , mangroves of, 457 



— , Olive grown in, 235 



— , peculiar flora and fauna of, 15, 153 



— , polar origin of floras and, 171 



— , Prickly-pear in, 248, 574 



— , savanna in, 363, 444, 446 



— , savanna-woodland in, 442 



— , sclerophyllous woodland in, 354,357, 



— , semi-desert bush in, 447, 448 [358 



— , similarities of organisms with S. 



America, 170 

 - — , thorn-woodland in, 443 

 — , tropical forest in, 423, 439 

 — , warm-temperate rain forest in, 351 

 Autochthonous ooze, 496, 497 

 Autogenic effects etc., 304, 370 

 — main sere, 331, 482, 503 

 Autopolyploidy, 204 

 Autumn plankton, 481, 482, 518 

 Autumnal coloration, 340 

 Auxospore, 33 

 Available water in soil, 301 

 Arena (Oat), 115, 226 

 — , world production of, 229 



A. sativa, etc. (Oat), 226, 257, 282 

 Avens, see Dryas and Geum 

 Avicennia (a dominant of mangroves), 

 Avocado, 258 [107 



Awned fruits, 125, 217 

 Azorella, 417, 419, 420 



A. selago, 419, 420 



' B ' stratum in tropical forest, 425, 431, 

 ' B ' zone in soil, 297 [438 



Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), 33, 34, 35, 



127, 481, 485, 489, 491, 516 

 — , benthic, 498 



— , ' blooming ' of, 481, 482, 520 

 — , bog-water forms of, 501 

 — , deep-water forms of, 483, 496 

 — , dispersal on ice-floes, 109, 491 



— distribution in depth, 485, 486, 513 

 — , epiphytic, 500 



— , eutrophic water and, 477 



— , on floating sea-ice, 34, 109, 127, 491 



— , form-resistance in, 518 



— , freshwater surf-belt, 495 



— , gelatinous stalks of, 494 



— , geological history of, 132 



— , general account of, 33-34 



— , light and, 488, 496, 513 



— , marine, 491, 515, 516, 517, 518, 520 



— , nannoplanktonic, 518 



— , neritic province, 5 1 5 



— , nutrient requirements of, 520 



— , pigmentation and light for, 488, 496 



— , planktonic, 479, 480, 486, 516, 518 



— as primary sea-food, 515 



— , salt relations of, 474, 502, 508 



Bacillariophyceae, seasonal occurrence 



of, 481-2, 499, 520 

 — , sheltered by Cyanophyceae, 29 

 — , silica secreted by, 33, 497 

 — , suspension in water, 486, 518 

 — , temperature relations of, 476, 499 

 — , turgor-adjustments of, 508 

 Back-crossing, 176 



Bacteria, 2, 26, 27, 28, 145, 146, 251 

 265, 488, 491, 521 



air-dispersed, 99-101, 491 



anaerobic, 488 



antarctic, 417-19 



bottom deposits and, 320, 497-8, 



539 

 chemosynthetic, 27, 496, 498, 518, 

 cold-resistant, 77 [538 



coloured, 27, 539 

 decomposition by, 303, 497 

 as food for Myxomycetes, 41 

 formation of ' end ' substances by, 

 fossil, 130 [497 



freshwater, chemosynthetic, 496, 498 

 — , planktonic, 480-2, 485-6, 488 

 general account of, 26-8 

 geological history of, 129, 130 

 heat tolerance of, 499 

 industrial use of, 261, 278 

 lithosere, 326 

 marine, 517, 518, 521, 539 

 — , chemosynthesis by, 518, 538 

 — , concentrated in bottom de- 

 posits, 521, 539 

 — , planktonic, 517, 518, 521, 539 

 — , toleration of low temperatures by, 

 nannoplanktonic, 518 [539 



parasitic, 437, 491, 496 

 pathogenic, 26, 80 279, 577 

 as plant pathogens, 250 

 pre-Cambrian, 129, 146 

 psammon, 495 

 Purple, 27 



saproplanktonic, 480, 539 

 snow, 419, 491 



soil-inhabiting, 26, 303, 305, 333 

 sulphur-oxidizing, 27 



Bad-lands, 366 



Baffin Island, 394, 398, 399, 400, 403, 404, 



— — Algae, 478, 536 [408, 536 

 Baiera, 141 



Bailey, L. H., 253 



Baked-apple, see Rubus chamaemorus 



Balanophoraceae, loi, 436 



Balata, 272 



Bald-cypress, see Taxodiinn distichiim 



Balfour, I. B., 20 



Balkans, 157 



Balm, 262 



Balsa, see Ochroma lagopus s.l. 



Balsam, see Impatiens and /. balsamina 



— Fir, see Abies balsamea 



