592 INDEX 



Chlorophyceae freshwater plankton, 



480-1 

 — , general account of, 29-32 

 ■ — , habitats of, 32 



— as Lichen constituents, 47 

 ' — , marine, 508, 528, 529, 531 

 — , — , light relations of, 512 

 — , — , replacing Phaeophyceae, 532 

 — , — , on sand and gravel in Tropics, 

 — , — , surf-resistant, 535 [529 

 — , mud-forms of, 533 

 — , nutrition of, 32, 481 

 - — , salinity etc. and, 502, 523, 533 

 — , temperature relations of, 499 

 Chlorophyll, i, 27, 29, 32, 41, 278, 437 

 — , bacterial, 27 

 — -, industrial use of, 274 

 • — , modified in deep water, 496 

 Chloroxylon szvietenia (Satinwood), 247 

 Chocolate, 243, 260 

 Cholera, 26, 279 

 Chondrus, 40, 522 



C. crispus (Irish-moss, Carrageen), 



41, 259 

 Chorda, 36, 37 

 Chresard, 301 



Christmas-greens, see Lycopodium 

 Chromosome, 176, 178, 179, 204, 264 



— number, 206 



Chromosomes, doubling of, 264 

 Chroococcus turgidiis, 501 

 Church, G. L., xviii 

 Chtisquea, 354 



Cicer arietiniim (Chick Pea), 233, 258 

 Cider, 261 



Cimicifugo foetida, 191, 192 

 Cinnamon, 262 

 Circulation of substances in fresh water, 



477-8, 481, 497 



Circumaustral distribution (range), 184, 

 186, 187 



Circumboreal distribution (range), 184, 

 186, 187 



Circumpolar distribution (range), 184, 

 185, 187 



Cirques, 545, 546 



Cissus, 437 



Cistiis (Cistus), 355 



Citron, 258 



Citrous plants, see Citrus 



Citrus (citrous fruits, citrous plants), 

 242, 258, 272, 275 



Cladonia (Reindeer-moss, Caribou- 

 moss), 348, 392, 393, 421 

 C rangiferina (Reindeer-moss), 421 

 C. vertici/lota, 48 



Cladophora profunda, 496 



Clan, 334 



Clarke, G. L., 312 



Class, 24 



— I land, 556-7, 559, 560, 570 



Class II land, 557, 559, 560, 570 



— Ill land, 557, 559, 560, 570 



— IV land, 557, 559, 560, 570 



— IVe land, 560 



— V land, 557, 559, 560 



— VI land, 557-8, 559, 560 



— VII land, 558, 559, 560 



— VIII land, 558, 559, 560 

 Classification, 4, 5, 24 



— by life-forms, 92-5 



— and nomenclature, 24-6 

 Clay, 298, 310, 545 

 Clayey soil, 301, 303, 366 

 Claytouia, 124 



C virginiana (Virginian Spring- 

 beauty), 340 

 Clematis, 88, 89 



Clements, F. E., 311, 335, 378, 577, 580 

 Cliff vegetation, 372, 374, 401, 550 

 Cliflfed shore-lines, 550 

 Clifton, C. E., 74 



Climate, xvii, 8, 9, 10, 16, 329, 446, 571 

 — , animals and, 16 

 — , antarctic, 415 

 — , cooling of, 155 

 — , general account of, 9-12 



— as master factor, 9-12, 565 

 — , post-Miocene deterioration of, 160 

 — , types of, 9-10 

 Climatic analogue, 574 575, 576 



— barrier, 126 



— belt, 154, 297, 543 



— changes and distribution, 155-7, 160 



— climax, 329-30, 331-2, 465 



— conditions, 8, 380-1 



— factors, 9, 283, 284-93, 297, 472 



— features, 8 



— limits, 182 



— regions (zones, areas), 10, 20 



— relics, 201 



— types of soil, 297 



— variation, 294 

 Climatology, 10 



Climax, 6, 323, 324, 329-32, 390, 566 

 — , biotic, 331 

 — , chaparral, 355, 356 



— forest, 325, 326, 371, 426, 548 



— formation, 337 



— grasslands, 359-60 



— mangrove forest, 454 

 — , progression to, 324, 464 

 — , species number and, 464 



— units, 333.. 334 

 Climaxes, main, 329-34 

 Climbers (lianes, ' vines '), 87, 88, 89, 



loi, 305. 339, 341, 342, 343. 351, 

 354. 355, 431. 440, 443. 460, 468 



— of tropical rain forest, 430-1 

 — , woody, 99, loi, 340, 352, 431 

 Climbing plants, see Climbers 



— roots, 89 



