59^ INDEX 



Dwarfing of Algae, 508, 523 



— of arctic and alpine plants, 16, 380-2, 



— of Postelsia, 526 [413 

 Dyeing, 3, 273. 274 



Dyes, artificial and natural, 274 

 Dynamic equilibrium, 323, 330 



— factors, marine vegetation and, 525-8 

 Dysentery, 26 



Dysphotic zone (twilight region), 473, 



488, 495. 496, 5", 518 

 Dystrophic lakes (waters), 318, 476, 477 



Earth's beginnings, 128, 145 



Earthworm, 303, 305 



East Africa, 318 



• — Asia, Algae used as food in, 38, 259 



, deciduous summer forest in, 337, 



338, 341-2 

 ■ and eastern N. America, simi- 

 larity in floras of, 161, 167 



, Maize production in, 229 



, mixed forest in, 341 



■ , plant migration in, 157, 161, 171 



, Pliocene flora of, 151 



, use of opium in, 263 



— Greenland Currrent, 293 



— Indies, 262 



Eastern Canada, low-arctic tundra in, 



384 



■ — N. America, deciduous forests of, 



— Red Cedar, 275 [341 

 Ebony, see Diospyros ebeniim 



Eca, see Econ 

 Ecad, 183, 384 

 Ecesis, 97, 323, 326 



Ecballiiim elateriiini (Squirting Cucum- 

 Echard, 301 [ber), 122, 123 



Eclipsiophyceae, 528 

 Ecological and vegetational aspects, 23, 

 333. 340, 579 



— applications, 573-9 



— bases, 23 



— elements, 211-12 



— endemic, 206 



— factors {see also Environmental con- 



ditions), 283-312, 313, 321, 336 



— gradient, 183 



— grouping of marine Algae, 528 



— limitation, 80-1 



— niche, 321, 431 



— significance, animals and, 16, 17, 304 



— terms, 311, 335 



— vicariad, 202, 204 



— vicariads, contrasted habitats of, 204 

 Ecology, 4, 92, 283, 571 



— , animal, 15 



— , land use and, 7, 551-73 



Econipl. eca), 182, 333, 334, 335 



Economic botany {see also Cereals, 



Crops, Edible Algae, etc.). 3, 4. 62, 



66, 72, 255-82 



Economic botany, aesthetic and orna- 

 mental aspects, 277-8 



, environmental and ecological 



aspects, 276-7 



— Crops series of Interscience Pub- 



lishers, 282 

 Ecosystem, 304, 329, 432 

 Ecotone, 335, 361, 363, 406 

 Ecotype, 183, 202 

 Ectocarpiis, 36, 37 



Ectozoic transportation, 111-14, 1 16-17 

 Ecuador, 423 

 Edaphic (soil) barriers, 126 



— climax, 330, 444, 458, 462, 463 

 • — conditions, 8, 126, 296-304 



— factors, 182, 283, 296-304, 386 

 Edaphon, 303, 316, 333,495 

 Eddy-diftusion currents, 480, 486, 487 

 Edible Algae, 38, 259 



Edwards's Eutrema, see Eiitrema 



edwardsii 

 Eel-grass, see Zostera and Z. marina 

 Effects of cultivation, 216-19, 556 



— of climatic changes, 155-61 

 Egg, 57. 59, 63. 524 

 Egg-plant, see Solatium tnelonge?ia 

 Egler, F. E., xviii, 457 

 Egregia, 534 



Egypt, 102 



Eichhornia crassipes (Water-hyacinth), 



86, 87, 98, 106-7, 483, 504 

 Eider, 402 

 Ekman, S., 17 

 Elaeis giiineensis (African Oil Palm, see 



also Palm oil). 235, 282 

 Elder, see Sambiicus and S. nigra 

 Element of flora, Atlantic, 21 1 

 Elements of flora and vegetation, 210- 

 Elemi, 273 [212 



Elephant Grass, see Pennisetum pur- 



pureiim 

 Elephantopiis, 113 



Elevation, ecological effects of, 294, 409 

 Elfin wood (forest), 377, 380, 410, 469, 



470 

 Ellesmere Island, 397 

 Elm, see Ulmus 

 Elm disease, Dutch, 280, 306 

 Elodea (Water-weed), 503 



E. canadensis (Canadian Water-weed), 



106, 475 

 Eluviation, 298 



Elymus (Lyme-grass), 361, 566, 569 

 E. arenariiis s.l. (Lyme-grass), 371, 



399. 400, 548 

 E. giganteus (Volga Giant-wildrve), 



548 

 Embryo, 62, 63, 69, no 

 Emersion, 525, 526, 527 

 — belt, 495 

 - — killing effect of, 495, 526 



