INDEX 



599 



Empetrum (Crowberry), 196, 332, 347, 



^ 348, 395. 407 

 E. nigrum s.l. (Crowberry), 346, 359, 

 Encelia farinosa, 80 [392 



End substances formed by Bacteria, 



278, 497, 539 

 Endemic areas, 205-6 



— relic, 200 



Endemics, 163, 205, 206, 210 



■ — , types of, 205, 206 



Endemism, calcareous soil and, 163 



— , island floras etc. and, 163, 172, 420 



Endive, 258 



Endozoic transportation, iii, 1 14-15, 

 1 16, 1 17 



Endymion {Scilla) twn-scriptus (Blue- 

 bell), 342 



Energy, 3, 13, 27, 32, 37, 43, 498 



Eng, see Dipterocarpus tubercidatiis 



Engelmann Spruce, see Picea engel- 



England, Beech in, 306 [rnannii 



— , deciduous woodland of, 333, 541 



— , Dutch Elm disease in, 306 



— , former flora of, 151, 211 



— , New, deciduous woodland of, 333 



Engler, A., 22, 74, 471 



English Channel, 532 



■ — Daisy, see Bellis perennis 



Enteromorpha, 368, 502, 524, 528, 568 

 E. intestinalis, 30, 31, 523 



Entomostraca, 479, 488 



Environment, 5, 283-322 



— , aquatic, 472-506 



— , arctic, 315 



— , benthic, 492-500, 521-8 



■ — , change in, sensitiveness of plants to, 



509 

 — , harsh, replacing competition, 381 

 — , land, types of, 16, 313-16, 320-2 

 — , marine, 507-15 

 — , natural, of life, 482 

 — , physical, 15, 16, 283-303, 472-9, 



5°7-i5 

 — , plant communities indicators of 



nature of, 17, 552-5, 577 

 — , response to, 5, 6, 183, 482 

 Environmental conditions (factors, see 



also Ecological factors), 6, 7, 8, 9, 



14, 17, 23, 283-312, 313, 554, 563, 



571 

 Eocene epoch, 129, 145, 151, 168 

 Epacridaceae, 358 

 Ephedra, 63, 65, 67, 173, 264 

 Ephedrine, 264 



Ephemerals, 11, 365-6, 453, 481 

 — , desert etc., 11, 78, 289, 368, 451, 452 



— of desert steppes, 365 

 Ephemerophyceae, 528 

 Epibiotic (relic endemic), 205 

 Epidemic plant diseases, 80, 250-1, 



279-80 



Epilimnion, 477, 480 



Epilith, 528 



EpUobiinn (Fireweed, Willow-herb), 



loi, 566 

 E. angiistifolium agg. (Fireweed), 99, 



217, 220 

 E. latifolium (Arctic Fireweed), 408 

 Epiphyllae (leaf-epiphytes), 431, 434 

 Epiphytes, 94, 103, 305, 322, 340, 342, 



351, 352, 354- 430, 431, 432, 433, 



434, 435, 437, 438, 441, 443, 469 

 — , algal, 39, 434, 492, 499-500, 524, 



530, 532, 537 

 — , — , communities of, 499, 500, 524 

 — , — , freshwater, 499-500 

 — , — , seasonal groups of, 500 

 — , conditions of life, 432 

 — , cryptogamic, 339, 340, 468, 500 

 — , Ferns as, 352, 433, 434, 442, 468 

 — , forest, 352, 431-5, 460, 462, 463 



— of mangroves, 457 

 — , rain-forest, 432-5 



— , structural adaptations of, 432, 433 

 Epiphytic Algae, 434, 492, 494, 524 



— Angiosperms, 352, 353, 432, 433, 434 



— Bryophyta, 434, 468, 469 



— Cactaceae, 434 



— Chlorophyceae, 500 



— Ferns, 352, 433, 434, 442, 468 



— Lichens, 48, 434 



Epizoic transportation (dispersal), iii, 

 Epoch, 128, 129 [117 



Equilibrium, 315, 323, 330, 359, 361, 



381, 384 

 — , dynamic, 323, 330 

 Equisetales, 135, 145, 146, 149 

 Equisetineae (Horsetails), 55, 56, 135, 



138, 149 

 — , fossil, 136, 150 

 Equisetum (Horsetail, Scouring-rush), 



55, 56, 135, 500 

 E. arvense agg. (Field Horsetail), 55 

 E. fliiviatde (Water Horsetail), 505 

 Era, 128, 129, 144, 145 

 Erdtman, G., xviii, 173 

 Ergot, 265 

 Erica (Heath), 332, 355, 358, 373 



E. mackaiana (Mackay's Heath), 197 

 Ericaceae (Heaths), 12, 72, 79, 332, 358, 



373, 374, 392, 501, 566, 578 

 Erigerofi (Fleabane), 408, 409 



E. canadensis (Canadian Fleabane), 

 249 

 Eriophoriim (Cotton-grass), loi, 373, 



374, 383, 384, 385, 387, 405, 501 

 E. angustifolium agg. (Tall Cotton- 

 grass), 405, 406 

 E. scheuchzeri (Scheuchzer's Cotton- 

 grass), 406, 407 

 Erosion, 289, 293, 307, 369, 542, 557- 

 60, 569 



