6oo 



INDEX 



Erosion /accretion balance, 369 



— , agents of, 543, 551 



— , control of, 7, 557-8, 562, 569, 570 



— , currents and, 550 



— , habitats formed by, 544-5 



— impeded by vegetation, 51, 555, 562 

 — , loss from, in United States, 570 

 — , overgrazing and, 307, 309, 569 



— , run-off and, 289, 555 



— , surface-binding plants and, 51, 277 



— by water, 568, 569, 570 

 — , wind, 291, 547 



Erosional features, 543, 544-5, 546, 547, 



— landforms, 543 [550 



— terrace, 492, 493 

 Erratic boulders, 546 

 Eryngium, 102 



Erythrorhiza section, see Drosera 

 Escapes, 219, 220, 248 



Esker, 543, 545 



Esparto, 269 



Essential oils, 274-5 



Establishment, 97-8, 323 



Eucalyptus (Gum-tree, Blue Gum-tree, 



Eucalypt), 63, 247, 264, 274, 282, 



357, 358. 379 

 E. regnans (' Mountain-ash '), 379 

 Eulittoral zone, 512, 513, 527, 529, 537 



in Antarctic, 537-8 



in Arctic, 536 



, belt-forming Algae in, 495, 530-8 



in English Channel, 532 



— ■ — > freshwater, 492, 493, 494-5 



, ice-action in, 536, 537, 538 



in Mediterranean, 530 



in Pacific N. America, 534 



in South Africa etc., 531 



Euonymus europaeus (Spindle-tree), 342 

 Euphorbia (Spurge), 82, 365, 443 



— , succulent, 355, 447, 451 



E. tirucalU, 83, 85 

 Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family), 121, 

 Euphotic zone, 473, 518 [272 



, oceanic, 511, 518, 539 



Eurasia, arid conditions in, 272 

 — , Cainozoic flora of, 151 

 — , fllora of, migration into Africa, 156 

 — , former climatic changes in, 153 

 — , glaciation in, 156 

 Europe, 172, 192, 196, 233, 263, 485 

 — , Algae used as food in, 259 

 Asian discontinuous range (dis- 

 tribution), 191, 192 

 — , Beech forests of, 342 

 — , British Isles separated from, 172 

 — , Coniferous forest of, 345 

 — , Conifers cultivated in, 243, 246, 574 

 — , continental drift and, 166 

 — , crop plants originating in, 233 

 — , deciduous summer forest in, 337-8 

 — , former floras of, 149, 155, 157, 160 



Europe, glaciation in, 158, 162 



— , mixed forest of, 341 



— , montane forest of, 377 



— , nunatak hypothesis and, 164 



— , oakwoods of, 340 



— , plant migration in, 161, 171 



— , post-glacial changes in, 173—4 



— , similarities to N. America, 170 



— , Sweet Chestnut forest of, 342-3 



European Beech, see Fagus sylvatica 



— flora, poverty of, 156-7 



— weeds dispersed to other continents, 



249 

 Euryhaline plants, 474, 508, 515, 523 

 Euryphotic plants, 474 

 Eurythermic plants, 474, 528 

 Euspertiiatopteris textilis, 147 

 Eutrema edwardsii (Edwards's Eutrema), 



185, 186 

 Eutrophic lakes (waters), 318, 319, 325, 



462-3, 476, 477, 478, 498, 545 



, succession from, 477, 502-6 



Evaporating power, 10, 11, 289, 321 

 Evaporation, 291, 301, 369 

 Evaporimeter, 291 

 Evapotranspiration, xvii 

 Evergreen habit etc., 332, 343, 345-50, 



424-8, 429, 440, 445, 457, 467-8 



— leaf, 63, 354 



— Magnolia, see Magnolia grandiflora 



— warm-temperate forest, 350-4, 438 

 Evolution, 5, 7, 14, 24, 31, 128, 562, 563 

 — , acceleration of, 155, 563-4 



— , continuous, 128 

 — , convergent, 202 

 — , dead ends in, 31 

 — , plant communities and, 565-6 

 — , rate of, 176, 177 

 — , static, 132 

 — , ' tree 'of, 12 



Evolutionary development (and past 

 history), 128-53 



— history, 8 



— trends, 15 

 Ewan, J., xvii 



Exotics, introduction of, 243, 574, 576 

 Expectorants, 264 

 Experimental ecology, 321, 568 

 Explosive mechanisms (dispersal). 

 Exsiccation, 307 [12 1-5 



Extermination by disease, 250-1 

 Extractives, 268-70 

 Extraneous occurrence, 210 

 Extratropical regions, 22 

 Exudates, 272-3 



Faber, F. C. von, 23, 378, 471, 506, 540 

 Faciation, 334, 345, 346, 351, 376, 383 

 Facies, 334, 345 



Factor, biotic, 182, 283, 304-11, 566-7 

 — , climatic, 283, 284-93, 472 



