6o2 



INDEX 



Hora, alien, ii8 



— , elements of, 210-12 



— , European, poverty of, 156-7 



- — , post-Miocene impoverishment of, 



Floriculture, 278 [160 



Florida, 352, 445 



Floristic diversity (' richness '), 169, 172 



— regions of world, 19 

 Flotation disk, 483 



— , dispersal by, 86, 1 06-11 



— of disseminules, 106— 11 



— , plankton, 479, 483, 517, 518 

 Flotsam, 108 



Flower, 12, 68, 70, 71, 437, 484, 485 

 — , doubling in cultivation, 218 



slopes, 405, 408, 409, 410 



Flowering, conditions for, 77-78, 79, 



284 

 • — , high-alpine, 412, 413 



— plants, 67-73 



• — , temperature and, 77-8 



Flowers, drugs from, 263 



Fluctuations, climatic, 10, 13, 284-93 



Flush, 374 



Fly Agaric, 267 



Flying apparatus, 106 



Fodder (feedstuffs, stock-feed), 3, 265, 



266, 267 

 Foehn wind, 292-3 

 Foliage, seasonal, 339-40 

 Foliose Lichen, 47, 48, 326, 407, 410, 



416, 434 

 Folklore of plants, 262 

 Fontinalis (Spring-moss), 475, 503 

 Food, 3, 12, 15, 255, 257-9, 283 

 chain, 17, 257 



— crops, 223-39, 253, 257-9 



— manufacture, 265 



— storage by plants, 29, 32, 2i< 35. 39. 



78, 87, 90, 91 



— Yeast, 259, 278, 279 

 Foods, human, 255, 257-9 

 Forage plants, 234 



Forb, 85, 360, 364, 369, 383, 385, 386, 

 387, 3891 399. 409. 410. 446, 464 



Forest (see also Coniferous forest, 

 Deciduous summer forest. Tropi- 

 cal rain forest. Tropical seasonal 

 forest. Warm-temperate rain forest, 

 etc.), 3, II, 12, 65. 213, 243, 246, 

 247. 295, 337-54, 423-46, 541 



— , absent from Antarctic, 246 



— , areas under, 246-7, 439, 556 



— , Buna, 342 



— canopy, 330, 342, 349, 425, 426, 431 

 — , climate and, 277 



— , climax, 325, 332, 372, 548 

 — , closed, of Congo, 444 

 — , coniferous, 246, 343-50, 470 

 — , destruction of, 54, 307, 308, 465 



— duff, 299 



Forest floor, 308, 322, 342, 344, 346, 



436-7 



— furnishmgs, 351, 430, 434, 463 



— , land area of world covered by, 213, 



243, 246, 247, 556 

 — , light-climate in, 285 

 — , northernmost, 343-5, 346-8 



— products, 73, 239, 243-7 



— , regeneration of, 306, 307, 308, 310 



— roof, 425 



— steppe, 363 



— , stratification of vegetation in, 291, 

 338, 339, 349, 425. 426, 427, 440 



— trees, mycorrhizal habit of, 46, 72 

 tundra, 348, 383 



Forestry, 3, 242-7, 557-8, 564, 573, 578 

 Form-resistance to sinking, plankton 

 and 31, 33, 34, 479, 5 1 7, 5 1 8 



of seeds and fruits, 99, 104, 105 



Forma, 25 



Formation (vegetation unit), 201, 333-4 



— , climax, 211, 337 



— relic, 201 



Former climates in northern Eurasia 

 and America, 153, 181 



— floras, 149, 151, 154, 155, 157, 160 

 Fosberg, R. F., xvii 



Fossil, 15, 56, 57, 62, 128-54, 166, 171, 

 173, 196, 199 



— Algae, 130, 131, 132 



— Angiosperms, 143, 144, 145, 150, 



152, 171, 196 



— Bacteria, 130, 145 



— Bryophyta, 133, 145, 146 



— Conifers, 141, 143, 145, 148-51 



— Gymnosperms, 138-43, 148, 150, 



152 



— lower plants, groups of, 129-38 



— Pteridophyta, 133, 134, 135, 136, 



137, 138, 146. 147, 148, 149, 150 



— Seed-plants, 138-44 

 Foundations of plant distributions 5, 



154-81 

 Foiiquiera splendens (Ocotillo), 450, 451 

 Fox, 306, 401 

 Foxe Basin, 127 

 Foxglove, European, 264 

 Fragaria (Strawberry), 113, I22, 123, 



239 



F. grandiflora (Strawberry), 235, 258 

 Fragmentation, vegetative propagation 

 France, 161 [by, 57, 69 



Frankincense, 273 

 Franseria (Bur-sage), 448 

 Froximts (Ash), 104, 105, 341, 342, 554 



7''. excelsior (Ash), 246, 340 



F. minidslnirica, 342 

 Free-living Algae, 492 

 Freezing, death from, 288 

 — , qualities of water and, 475 



— point, activity continuing below, 77 



