6io 



INDEX 



Laver, 259 



Lawrence, G. H. M., 74 



-, W. J. C, 579 



Laxative, 263, 264 



Layer (stratal) society, 334 



Layering, 64-5, 98 



Leach, W., 311, 378 



Leaching of soil, 298, 331, 465, 497 



Leaf, 12, 59, 63, 91, 137, 143, 148, 393, 



404, 427. 429, 433, 437, 440, 467, 

 468, 484, 485, 504 



Leaf-epiphytes (' epiphyllae '), 431, 



434 

 fall, 78, 337-43, 424-5, 428, 430, 



— modified as spine, 83, 85 [440 



— scars, 137 



tendrils, 88, 89 



Leafy Liverworts, 49, 50, 434, 468 

 Leather, 273 



Leather-leaf, see Chamaedaphne 

 Lehachia{Walchia)frondosa, 143 

 Ledum (Labrador- tea), 346, 501 



L. paliistre agg. (Narrow-leafed 



Labrador-tea), 392, 394 

 Legume, 233, 234, 258, 259 

 Leguminosae (Pea family), 73, 217, 247, 



276, 412, 443, 446, 548, 566 

 — , cultivated, 231, 233, 234, 258, 564 



— as dominants, 441 



— , seed-ejection by, 124 

 Lemanea, 499 



Lemna (Duckweeds), 106, 483, 504 

 Lemon, 258 



— -grass oil, 275 



— Thyme, 262 



Lens esculenta (Lentil), 234, 258 

 Lentic stretches in streams, 498, 499 

 Lentil, see Lens esculenta 

 Leontice altaica, 192 

 Lepidodendrales, 145 

 Lepidodendron, 137, 148 



L. lycopodioides, 137 

 Leprosy, 26, 263 

 — , treatment of, 263 

 Lespedeza, 259 



Lesser Celandine, see Ficaria verna 

 Lessonia simulans, 538 

 Lethal temperatures, 288, 499 

 Lettuce, 258 

 Leucadendron, 355 



Leucojum aestivum (Summer Snow- 

 flake), 108 

 Lianes {see also Climbers), 94, loi, 352, 



379,431,438,441,462 

 Lichen barrens, 398 



— sward, 344, 347, 348 



Lichenes (Lichens), 11, 45-7, 48, 49, 

 102, 103, 132, 14s, 305, 330, 344, 

 346, 347, 385. 386, 392, 393, 394, 

 395, 397, 398, 401, 404, 4", 412, 

 413, 416, 421-57 



Lichenes, algal element of, 46-7 



— , antarctic, 416, 417, 418, 419 



— , arctic, 385, 386, 392, 393, 394, 395, 



397, 398, 401, 404, 407-10, 4" 

 — , aquatic, 494 

 — , desert, 365 

 — , dominant, 395 

 — , dye from, 274 

 — , edible, 259 

 — , epiphytic, 434, 457 

 — , form-groups of, 47 

 — , fungal element of, 46-7 

 — , high-altitude, 410, 411, 412, 414, 



546 

 — , indicator, 578 

 — , lithosere and, 326, 327, 407, 416, 



418 

 — , sand-binding, 548 

 — , sand-dune forms of, 371, 548 

 — , supralittoral zone, 527, 530, 532, 



535 

 — , tundra, 383, 385, 386, 389, 419 

 Lichens, see Lichenes 

 Licmophora flabellata, 33 

 Life, beginning of, 128-30 



— duration of, 79, lOO, 205 



form, 92-4, 95, 202, 212, 324, 329- 



341, 528, 565 



spectrum, 95 



— , seat of, 13 



Light-absorption by water, 488, 511-13 



• — , algal pigmentation and, 39, 496, 



512-13 

 — , aquatic plants and, 317, 473, 492, 



496, 503, 511-13, 522, 527, 529-31 



chmate, 284, 285 



— , flowering and, 79, 284-5 



— , growth and, 79, 284-5, 321 



■ — , measurement of, 285 



penetration into water, 317 474, 



475, 504, 511-13 

 — , photosynthesis and, 39, 496, 512-13 

 relations of Algae, 39, 325, 474, 475, 



488, 495, 496, 512-13, 522, 529-31 



— requirements, 79, 283, 432, 474, 529 

 Lignum-vitae, see Guaiacum 



Ligule, 57 



Liliaceae (Lilies, etc.), 73 



Lilium (Lily), 91 



Lime, see Calcium carbonate 



— fruit, 258 



tree, see Tilia 



Limestone, algal, 130, 132, 279 

 Limnetic benthos, 473 



— plankton, 473 

 Limnology, 473 

 Limnoplankton, 479 

 Linden, see Tilia 

 I^ine transect, 567 



Ling, see Calluna vulgaris 

 Linicolous plants, 219 



