6i8 



INDEX 



Palmae (Palms, Palm family), distribu- 

 — , fibres from, 270 [tion of, 187 



— , fossil, 150, 151, 152 

 Palmer, E., 17 

 Palmetto, 274 

 Palms, see Palmae 

 Pamir, 413 

 Pammel, L. H., 282 

 Pampas, 360, 363 

 Pan-endemic, 184 

 Panama, 463 



Pandanus (Screw-pine), 458, 459, 460, 

 P. tectoriiis (Screw-pine), 459 [463 

 Pangaea, 165 

 Pansy, see Viola 

 Pantoneuro, 537 

 Pantropic distribution (range), 1S4, 187 



— species spread by Man, 187 

 Pantropical discontinuous range (dis- 

 tribution), 193, T94 



Popaver (Poppy), 103, 105 



P. radicatum s.l. (Arctic Poppy), 399, 

 410 



P. somnijerum (Opium Poppy), 217, 

 Papaya, see Carico papaya [263 



Paper, 269 



— manufacture, 3, 265 

 Paprika, 261 



Papyrus, see Cyperus papyrus 



Para Rubber, see Hevea brasiliensis 



Parachute fruits, 99, 104, 105 



Paraguay-tea, 260 



Parasites, 27, 43, 80, 100, 120, 128, 305, 



306, 436, 437, 493, 496, 51^"^. 53^ 

 — , tropical forest, 437 

 Parasitic Algae, 524 



— Angiosperms, 72, loi, 250, 437 



— Bacteria, 26, 27, 250, 437, 491, 496 



— Fungi, 45, 80, 250, 251, 265, 305, 



306, 437, 491, 496 



Parent taxon, 204 



Parklands, see Savanna-woodlands 



Parsley, 262 



Parsnip, 258 



Parthenium ar^eiitaium, 80 



Parthenogenesis, 69 



Partial habitat, 313, 320 



Partridge, 1 12 



Pasture Mushroom, see Agaiicus {Psal- 

 liota) campestris 



— , sprouting after grazing, 13 



Pasturing {see also Grazing), 391, 541. 



Patagonia, 338 [557 



Patchwork quilt effect, arctic clift" vege- 

 tation, 401 



Paternoster-lakes, 545 



Pathogenic Bacteria, 26, 80, 27<), 496, 



Pathogens, airborne, 251 1 577 



Pattern, 7, 8, 9, 329 



Patterned soil, 385 



Pea family, see Leguminosae 



Peach, see Prumis persica 

 Peanut, see Arachis hypogaea 



— oil, 235 265-6 



Pear, see Pyriis communis 

 Peat, 54, 151, 271, 326, 373, 421, 46 

 — , flatmoor, 501 [500- 1 



— , highmoor, 501 



moss, see Sphagnum 



— , rare in tropics, 462 



Peattie, R., 561 



Peaty moor, 359 



Pecan, 258 



Pectins, 272 



Pedicularis, 412 



Pedunculate Oak, see Quercus robur 



Pelagial region, 473, 480, 493, 497 



Pelagic benthos, 473 



— plankton (region), 473, 480, 513, 514 



— plants, rate of increase of, 520 

 Pelargonium (Pot Geranium), 275 

 Pelican, 1 17 



Pelophiles, 528 



Pelvetia canaliculata, 526, 532 



Pendulum theory, 167 



Peneplanes, 543 



Penetrant, 212 



Penetration of light into water, 317 



474-5. 504. 511-13 

 Penfold, A. R., 379 

 Penguins, 418 

 Penicillin, 46, 265, 278 

 Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant Grass), 



445 

 Pennsylvanian period, 129, 146 

 Peppermint, 262 

 Peppers (various). 261 

 Perch (Fish), 117, 477 

 Peregrine Falcon, 114, 115 

 Perennation, 92, 93, 217, 343 

 Perennial habit, 78, 93, 217, 452, 506 

 Perfumes (scents), 274-5 

 Peridinians, see Dinoflagellates 

 Perilla oil, 265 

 Periodicals, ecological, 378 

 Periodicity of Algae, 475-6, 481-2, 528, 



537 

 Periods, geological, 128, 129, 132, 144, 



145. 149-53 

 — , glacial, 129, 148-9, 152, 156, 161-2 

 • — , interglacial, 156, 157, 161, 162 

 — , post-glacial, 15 1-2, 173-5 

 Periwinkle family, see Apocynaceae 

 Permanence of continents, 171 



— of oceans, 171 



Permian period, 129, 145, 148, 154 



, arid conditions in, 148, 156 



, flora of, 148-9 



, glaciation in, 148-9, 156 



Perry, 261 



Persian berries, 274 



— Gulf, 458, 459 



