624 INDEX 



Range, see Area and Distribution 

 Ranges (distributions), types of, 183-97 

 Ranunculus (Buttercup, Water Butter- 

 cup, Water Crowfoot), 106, 405, 504 



R. aquatilis s.l. (' Batrachian ' Ranun- 

 culus), 485 



R. biternatus (Buttercup), 419, 422 

 Rape oil, 265 



Rapids, vegetation of, 463, 498 

 Raspberry, see Rubus idaeus 

 Rat, 276 

 Rate of evolution, 176, 177 



— of increase, pelagic plants, 520 

 Raticide, 276 



Rattan (Climbing Palm), 427, 431 

 Raunkiaer, C, 92, 96, 527 



— life-forms, 94 

 Raup, H. M., xvii, xviii, 323, 343 

 Ravines, 405, 443, 544 

 Raw humus, 303 



— materials, 3, 239, 268 

 Raynor, R. N., 253 

 Rayon, 270 



Reaction, physiological, 75-80 

 — , plant and habitat, 324 

 Recent period, 129, 145, 151, 152, 173 

 Receptacle, no 



Recession of ice, 129, 156, 160-2, 165 

 Rechinger, K. H., xviii 

 Recombination, genetical, 177 

 Reconstructions of former landscapes, 



146, 147, 148, 150, 152 

 Record, S. J., 243, 253 

 Recurrent glaciation, 129, 156, 160, 161 

 Red Algae, see Rhodophyceae 



— Fescue, see Festuca rubra s.l. 



— Gum, 246 



— loams, 298 



— Mangrove, see Rhizophora mangle 



— Oak, see Quercus rubra s.l. 



— pepper, 261 



— Pine, see Pinus resinosa 



— Sea, 443, 507, 517 



— Seaweeds, see Rhodophyceae 



— snow, 489, 490 

 • — squill, 276 

 Redtop, 259 



Redwoods, fossil, 158, 199, 209 

 — , giant, see Sequoia and Sequoiaden- 



dron 

 Reed, see Phragmites cotnmunis agg. 

 swamp, 314, 319, 325, 326, 333, 



372, 373. 405, 461, 463. 505, 545 

 Reedmace, see Typha 

 Reef- Algae, 529 

 Reforestation, 246, 364, 578 

 Refuges (refugia), 15, 156, 162-5, 499 

 Regeneration, forest, 306, 307, 308, 310 

 Regional adaptation, 563 



— belts, arctic, 382 



— climatic climax, 330-1, 332 



Regional climax, 330 

 Reindeer, 48, 259, 389 



moss, see Cladonia and C. rangi- 



ferina 

 Relative humidity, 11, 288, 289, 294, 



424, 449 

 Relic (relic) area, 157, 158, 197-201 



— species, 197, 199, 200 

 Relics (relicts), 197, 199-201 

 Relict community, 331 



— plant, 163, 197, 199-200 

 Religious Tract Society of London, 17 

 Reproduction, 12, 15, 26, 28, 32, 33, 35, 



37. 39. 59. 63, 68, 78, 79, 518, 520 

 — , periodicity in Algae, 532, 537 

 Reptilia (Reptiles), 117, 129, 145, 155 

 Requisites of life, animals and, 3, 15, 255 

 Residual features (landforms), 542, 543, 



. 544, 546, 547, 550 

 Resin, 3, 272 

 Resistance capacity, resting stages and, 



77 



— to adverse conditions, 77, 78, 79, 81— 

 7, 100, 365-6, 381, 450-2, 495, 

 526, 564 



Respiration, 3, 13, 77, 254, 302, 510 



— /photosynthesis balance, 475, 483, 



.524 

 Resting stages, resistance capacity of, 77 

 Retrogression, 324, 329, 330, 331, 466 

 Rhacomitrium, 419 



— heath, 409 

 R. lanuginosum, 409 



Rheumatism and gout, treatment of, 264 

 Rhizoclonium, 368 

 Rhizoid, 49, 51, 53, 56, 59, 327, 503 

 Rhizome, 55, 69, 90, 91, 93, 121, 122, 



123, 134, 371, 458 



— geophyte, 94 

 Rhizophora (a dominant of mangroves), 



107 

 — , germination of, no, 456 

 R. candelaria, 455 

 R. mangle (Red Mangrove), 456 

 Rhizosolenia, 516 

 Rhododendron, 349 



R. lapponicum (Lapland Rose-bay), 

 RJiodomonas, 488 [393 



R. lacustris, 480 

 Rhodophyceae (Red Algae, Red Sea- 

 weeds), 38-9, 40, 41, 132, 265, 457, 

 481, 488, 508, 523, 529, 531, 532, 



533. 535, 538 

 — , depth relations of, 39, 317, 512, 537 

 — , freshwater, 39, 496, 498, 499 

 • — , habitats of, 39, 496, 499, 529-38 

 • — , in mangroves, 457 

 — , light and, 39, 474, 512, 513, 530, 531 

 — , shade-species of, 530 

 Rhubarb, 233, 234, 258 

 Rhynia, 134 



