GENERAL ZOOLOGY 



During the interglacial periods the cHmate was warm; there were extensive 

 forests, and the fauna of Europe included the mastodon, the mammoth, the 

 woolly rhinoceros, and the saber-toothed tiger. Man came to Europe as a 

 puny competitor of these mighty animals but succeeded in developing the 

 cunning and prowess necessary for survival. An interesting series of skeletal 

 remains, and much more numerous collections of artifacts and cultural relics, 

 enable us to reconstruct the physical characteristics and to some extent the 

 lives of these primitive men. 



A large jawbone, found near Heidelberg, represents the oldest known 

 human type in Europe. It has been assigned to the species Homo heidel- 

 bergemis; it may be noted that this is the first of the progenitors of modern 

 man considered sufficiently advanced to be placed, with modern man, in the 

 genus Homo. During subsequent ages, Europe was peopled bv a race which 

 either descended from men of the Heidelberg type or arrived in a later wave 

 of migration from elsewhere. These constitute what has been called a 

 generalized Neanderthaloid stock, because they show in some degree the 

 special characteristics of Neanderthal man {Homo neanderthalensis) , a species 

 named from remains related to a much later geologic period. The gen- 

 eralized Neanderthaloids ranged widely over Europe; their skeletal and 

 cultural remains have been discovered in Spain, France, Central Europe, the 

 Crimea, Palestine, and other regions. They were a hunting people, and 

 groups of them occupied caves in certain areas for extended periods of time. 

 The skeletons show that these men were powerfullv built, with a rather 



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