VOYAGES OF THE CABOTS IN 1497 AND 1498. 107 



The phrases on the Adams's map " because as I suppose " and " as I think " mark unerringly that 

 Cabot neither wrote the legend nor personally superintended the writing of it. The hand of the editor 

 is plainly seen — not Eakluyt's hand; for, however he might have glossed the translation, he would not 

 have written glosses in Latin, as if copied from the map, and then transhited them with additional Eng- 

 lish glosses. Clement Adams beyond doubt had a map engraved, or re-engraved, or did the work himself, 

 which, though it might have been copied from some chart or map of Cabot's, was not based upon the Paris 

 map of 1544 novv under review. This is manifest because both Willes and Gilbert saw it and used it to 

 demonstrate the existence of an open northwest ])assage. Willes says: " The Gulfe " (Northwestern 

 strait, Hakluyt) " is set at 61° to 64" latituile and " neere the 3l8th meridian " " continuing the same 

 " bredth about 10 degrees west where it openeth southerlj^, more and more until it come to the 

 " Tropic of Cancer and so runneth to the Mar del Zur." This very precise and definite information 

 Willes saw portrayed upon the Bedford map. Sir Humphrey Gilbert saw the copy Hakluyt describes 

 at the Queen's gallery and upon it were similar indications, for he uses it to reinforce his argument 

 for an open northwest passage. Now the map of 1544 contains no such information — no such 

 " gulfe," no such " strait ten degrees wide and widening out until it opens into the southern ocean." 



It cannot be supposed that Cabot ceased to make maps on his arrival in England. It is just here 

 where Michael Lok's map throws light upon the question (see p. 90). It is published in Hakluyt's 

 Divers Voyages with high approbation and in illustration of the same geographical ideas which 

 Willes and Gilbert were advocating. On Lok's map is the very strait in the very place indicated on 

 the reported authority of Cabot's maps widening out into the great southern ocean. Lok's map is 

 dated 1582 and contains later information than the Paris map, but he gives the landfall at Cape Breton 

 by "J. Gabot, 1497," and lays down just opposite the land, in the Atlantic, the island of St. John. 

 The conclusion is irresistible that we have here the main features of Clement Adams's map, and upon 

 it rather than on the map of 1544 we find the geographical information drawn by Richard Willes and 

 Sir Humphrey Gilbert from the Bedford map and the Hakliij't map which " were also in so many 

 merchants' houses." On the other hand this map of 1544 has left no trace of its influence upon any 

 other map or in any writer of that period, or any other period, until the last few years. Only one in 

 dication exists that it was ever seen in Spain and that has recently been found. 



The indefatigable research of Harrisse has brought to light a MS. in the Royal Library at Madrid 

 purporting to be an " explanation of the sailing chart of Columbus." It is by a Doctor Grajales of whom 

 nothing else is known. It contains the account Columbus wrote of his third voyage, tables of the rising 

 and setting of the sun and the whole of the twenty-two legends of the Paris map of 1544. This confirms 

 the fact stated above that the legends were printed separately and pasted on the sides of the map, 

 and it suggests that the map of 1544 was at some period in the possession of this Doctor Grajales in 

 Puerto de Sancta Maria not fixr from Seville. Upon this somewhat slight foundation Harrisse builds 

 a theory that Grajales made the map, whereas it can only show that he probably had a copy. 



The conclusions to which all these considerations lead, are : — 



1. That the Paris map of 1544 is not Cabot's in any sense which would make him responsible for 

 its accuracy, that it was not published or prepared in Spain, that he never corrected the proofs but 

 that he probably contributed in some measure to the material from which its unknown author com- 

 piled it. 



2. That the map in the Queen's gallery engraved by Clement Adams was essentially different in 

 its American geography from that of 1544 and that it was based on some of Cabot's charts made in 

 England, and that Lok's map, taken with Gilbert's and Willes's statements, affords a useful indication 

 as to what these charts contained. 



3. That in the legends on the maps as well as in the statements recorded in Hakluyt and Eden 

 the incidents of the voyages of 1497 are not distinguished from those of 1498, but both are given to- 

 gether in a general description of the whole northeastern coast. 



