VOYAGES OF THE CABOTS IN 1497 AND 1498. 109 



21. Letter of Lorenzo Pasqualigo, August 23, 1497. 



22. Peter Martyr — Decades. 



23. See the wording of the second letters patent. 



24. This is shown by the second letters patent which are addressed to him alona; also by the petition of the 

 Drapers' Company to the king in 1521, for which see Harrisse Discovert/ of America, appendix, where the mer- 

 chants make very little of Sebastian Cabot's achievements. 



25. Sebastian Cabot is not mentioned by Ayala, Puebla, SoQcino, nor Pasqualigo. His name occurs only once 

 in the original authorities, and then with tlie names of Lewis and Sancio, his brothers, in the first patent. This is 

 a cardinal fact in the controversy. 



26. Letter of Lorenzo Pasqualigo, Aug. 23, 1497. 



27. Barrett — History and Antiquities of Bristol for the name of the vessel. For the size and number of the 

 crew, Soncino, Dec. 18, 1497. 



28. Cbamplain's Voyages, ed. Laverdière ; see for Cape Breton, p. 279; La Héve (Lunenburg, N.S.), p. 156; 

 Port Royal (Granville, on Annapolis river), p. 167; Petit Passage (Long Island, St. Mary's bay, Digby), p. 162; 

 Kennebec (Maine), p- 197; Mallebarre (a little south of Cape Cod on Champlain's map), p. 213, In a note on 

 Cbamplain's observation at Cape Breton the Abbé Laverdière remarks that " It is probable we should read 24 

 degrees for 14 degrees, as the variation is now about 24 degrees west." This shows how the secular variation of the 

 needle has confused the most learned commentators. A leas conscientious editor might have amended Champlain's 

 text to correspond with Bayfield's charts. See also Routier de Jean AUefonsce for variation at Franciroy. 



29. This map is not extant, but it has been reconstructed from the very detailed accounts of it which survive- 

 See. Halluyl Soc. Vol. for 1893, p. 1. 



30. It is interesting to note how long the name Cambaluc adhered to tlie coast. Captain Ricliard Whitbourne 

 in his relation of New-found-land speaks of " that coast which is called Cambaleu," meaning Labrador. 



31. For the course sailed see the two letters of Raimondo di Soncino to the Duke of Milan in 1497. 



32. According to Eratosthenes, Ptolemy and Pomponius Mela, the authorities of those days, the Tanais was 

 the eastern boundary of Europe. 



33. Letter of Lorenzo Pasqualigo, Aug. 23, 1497. 



34. Second letter of Raimondo di Soncino. The despatch of De Ay.ala to the Catholic sovereigns, July 25, 

 1498, sliows that the landfall was not far north. The envoy has seen (Cabot's map and is sure that Cabot has been 

 trespassing on Spanish ground. That excludes Labrador. 



35. Historical and Geographical Notes, p. 15. Brevoort holds the same view. See Journal of Am. Oeog. Soc. 

 for 1872, p. 213. 



36. Captain Fox, U.S.A., .4;)p. 18 to Report of U. S. Coast Survey, 1880. 



37. Markbam— flaHuj/« Soc. Vol. for 1893. 



38. In twenty-four hours Columbus passed from east variation to one point west. 



39. This is evident from the voyage of the Bonaventure in 1591. She sailed from St. Malo with the " Canada 

 fleet" and, having passed Cape Race without seeing it, came upon the St. Pierre bank. lier coarse for Cape Ray, 

 opposite Cape North, was changed to N. W. J N. 



40. Bayfield — Sailing Directions. 



41. Peter Martyr — Decades. 



42. Ramusio — " Anonymous Guest." 



43. The story of a boiling sea is found in Oviedo and Herrara. The sailors of the Mary of Guilford reported 

 having sailed through a hot sea which seethed like water in a caldron. 



44. Columbus was combating that idea when be emphasized the fact that he had sailed to Iceland and that 

 the sea was not frozen. 



45. Diez — Dictionary of the Romance Languages, gives a clue to Kohl's etymology. He cites the word under the 

 old French form cabeliau from Dutch kabeljaauw " whence, too " (he adds), " perhaps with a reference to bacului, the 

 Spanish bacalao, Basque bacailaba, Venetian, Piedmontese bacala." 



