THE FORESTS OF CANADA. 



9 



Tilia Americana, Linn. (Basswood). 

 Acer sacchariuum, Wang. (Sugar maple). 

 " rubrum, Linn. {Red maple). 

 " Fennsylvanicum, Linn. (Striped maple). 

 Prunm serotina, Ehrh. (Black cherry). 



" Pennmhanica, L. f. (Bird cherry). 

 Fraxinus sambticifolia, Lara. (Black ash). 

 " Amtricana, Linn. (White ash). 

 " pubescent, Lam. (Red ash). 

 U/miis Americana, Linn. (Elm). 

 Juglans cinerea, T^inn. (Butternut). 

 Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (White birch). 

 " papyri/era, Marsh. (Canoe birch). 

 " lena, Linn. (Cherry or black birch). 

 " Zu(fa, Mich X. f. (Yellow birch). 

 Quercus rubra, Linn. (Red oak). 



Quercus macrocarpa, Mx. (Mossy-cup oak). 

 Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (Beech). 

 Oslrya Virginica, Willd. (Iron wood). 

 Salix nigra, Marsh. (Black willow). 

 Populxis Iremuloides, Michx. (Aspen)- 



" bntnamifcra, Linn. (Balsam poplar). 

 Finns Banksiana, Lam. (Scrub pine). 



" Slrobus, Linn. (White pine). 



" rmnosa, Ait. (Red pine). 

 Ficea alba. Link. (White spruce). 



" nigra, Link. (Black spruce). 



" nt?/ra, Lam. (Red spruce). 

 Abies balsamea. Mill. (Balsam tir). 

 Tsuga Canadenxh, Ca,Tr. (Hemlock). 

 Larix Americana, Jlichx (Larch, tamarack 

 Thuya occidentalis, Linn. (White cedar). 



Owing to the influx of the eohl winds from the Atlantic and tlie Bay of Fundy, the 

 coast species are chiefly spruces and firs ; hut a few liundred feet of elevation ahove the river 

 valleys hring us into a hardwood forest composed of maple, beech, ash and birch, with a 

 sprinkling of spruce and pine, except in the western parts where spruce, fir and tamarack are 

 the prevailing trees ; in general terms this may be also said of Quebec, as the forests of 

 northern N'ew Brunswick are almost identical with those of that province. The American 

 elm is, as usual, found most highly developed in the river valleys, birch and red maple 

 growing with it here as elsewhere in the eastern provinces. 



A study of the conditions under which the forests of Nova Scotia grow and occupy the 

 ground shows that the sea air is not congenial to the native hardwood trees except the birch. 

 An examination of the trees ot the inner slope of îforth Mountain near Annapolis shows 

 that the conditions necessary for the growth of hardwood trees are those required for the 

 full development of the apple, and it would be well for fruit growers to preserve with care 

 the forests on the Bay of Fundy side of the beautiful Annapolis valley-. Since the forests 

 were cut away in the neighbourhood of Kentville, Wolfville and Grand Pré, the soil has 

 become much wetter and in many places where formerly the soil did not require drainage it 

 is now necessary. The cutting away of the forests and letting in of the sea air has allowed 

 tamarack to grow where formerly beech and maple occupied the soil. 



The tendency in IN^ova Scotia and î^ew Brunswick is for the forest to re-clothe the soil, 

 Imt when the hardwood trees of the original forests disai)pear, spruce, Ijalsam, birch and 

 tamarack take their place and everything shows that in that region the cutting away of the 

 forests does not lessen the rainfall, but rather increases the deposition or brings the general 

 air nearer to the point of saturation. The change in climate is causing a decline in grain- 

 raising and increasing the area of drained soil devoted to fruit-growing and stock-farming. 



In southern New Brunswick, Juglans cinerea, Tilia Americana and Quercus macrocarpa 

 are found in some abundance, but they cannot be said to be common anywhere and they 

 indicate a higher temperature as we pass from the conditions peculiar to the coast. 



Quebec. 



The forests of Quebec are still very valuable and very extensive and a^qiroach those of 

 northern and central Ontario in the number and distribution of species. The conditions 



Sec. IV ,1894. 2. 



