THE FORESTS OF CANADA. 13 



sugar maple was left at McKay's Mountain, near Lake Superior, and the red or swamp 

 maple disappeared at Rainy Lake, l)ut a few basswood manage to reach nearly as far west as 

 Brandon in the Assiniboine valley, and from thence westwaiil all trees, apart from the 

 species belonging to the sub-arctic forest, are of western origin, except Papidiis monilifera 

 (cotton-wood) and Najundo aceruides (ash-leaved maple). These trees extend, in the river 

 valleys, far out towards the Rocky Mountains, but do not reach them. 



In the Cypress Hills west of long. 110° west, at an elevation of over 3,000 feet, the 

 Rocky Mountain scrub pine (Piuus Marrayana) is found in al)nndance, and from this tree 

 the hills take their name, the scrub pine of the east (Pinus Baiiksiana) being the cyprès of 

 the French vo\-agenrs. In the valleys of the rivers forming the South Saskatchewan two 

 species of poplar {Popalus angustifolia and P. trichocarpa) are found. These are a part of the 

 more southern forest and are not known north of Medicine Hat. 



Rocky Mountains and British Columbia. 



The trees of the Rocky Mountains may with few exceptions be classed with the western 

 flora, and those that have not that origin belong to the sub-arctic forest, and have descended 

 from the north along the mountains. The following list includes all the trees of the Rocky 

 Mountains, a few of them occurring only on the western slopes facing the valley of the 

 Columbia River. 



Rocky Mountains. 



Populus tremuloides, Michx. (Aspen). Pseudotmga Dougkmi, Carr. (Douglas fir). 



" balsamifera, Lion. (Bahatn poplar). Pinus flexilis, James, (Rocky mountain pine). 

 Picra aZ6a, Link. (White spruce). " Jfurrai/ana, Balfour. (Black pine). 



" finjfrfmanm, Engelm. (Engelmann's spruce). " aZbicauWj, Engelm. (White-barke 1 pine). 



.iliWes swia/pina, Engelm. (Mountain balsam). Larix LyaUii,Fa.r\. (Mountain larch) 



Other species in the Columbia Valley and Selkirk Mountains. 



Popvlua trichocarpa, Terr & Gray. Pinus ponderosa var. scopnlooruva, Engelm. (Yellow pine) 



Juniperus Virginiana,\Ann. (Red cedar). Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelm. (Mountain hemlock). 



Thuija gigantea, Nutt. (Weatern -white cedur). " Mertendana, Ca.TT. (Western hemlock). 



Pinus moriticolayDougi. (Western white pine). Larix ocddenlalis, Nutt. (Western larch). 



Additional Pacific Coast Species. 



Acer circinalum, Pursh. (Vine maple). Salix Scoulenana.Barr&U. (Western willow). 



" macrophyUum, Pursh. (Broad-leaved maple). Thuya excelsa, Bong. (Yellow cypress). 



Rhamniis Purshiana, DC. ("Barberry"). Tuxus brevifolia, Nutt. (Western yew). 



Prunm einarginala, Walp. (Western bird cherry). Pinus contorla, Dougl. (Western scrub pine). 



Pirus rivularis, Dougl. (Western crab apple). Picea Sitchensis, Carr. (Menzies spruce). 



Cornus Nultallii, And. (Western flowering dogwood). Abies grandis, Lindley. (Mountain fir). 

 Arbttlus Menziesii. Pursh. (Madrona). " amabilis, Forbes. (While fir). 



Theliulk of the forest in the Rocky Mountains sotith of lat. 53 ' is made up of white 

 spruce, Engelmann's spruce, black pine, Douglas tir and lialsam tir. These five species 

 include at least 90 per cent of the forest growth, the remaining 10 per cent being made up 

 of the other five species. Of these Pinus flexUis is found only on the margins of the rivers 

 issuing from the mountains, and the poplars in the valleys and open spaces where the original 

 forest has been burnt ofi". On the other hand Pinus ulbicaulis and Lurix Lyallii form a zone 



