THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS. 33 



ally than any other animal, I hope to make some comparisons with the development of the 

 young human heing, though possibly not in this paper. 



Inasmuch as the diary of the last litter of St. Bernard pupjiiis studied is more complete, 

 and was a\ litteii in the light of my past experience, I regard it as much thi^ most valuahle. 

 It will therefore be given tirst of all, as written day ]>y day, with only a few verljal altera- 

 tions, from which each reader nuiy form his own independent conclusions. 



This I purpose to follow Ijy certain remarks. As my work on the In-ain especially is 

 not yet complete the physical correlation which has to do chiefly, of course, with the ner- 

 vous system, will be less fully treated than the psychical development. 



Diary. 



Tlie following record concerns a litter of pure-bred St. Bernard puppies whelped in m^- 

 kennel in the spring of 1894. Both sire and dam were of excellent Ijreeding, and the pedigree 

 for many generations was known. The dam had a gestation period of about sixty-one days, 

 so that the puppies may be considered to have been born at full time, and they were certainly 

 very strong and active. They were of unusually even size, and with little apparent ditfercnce as 

 to vigour, etc. There were seven of the male and six of the female sex, all of which were 

 not preserved ; for some time, however, there were nine and to the end of the sixth week 

 seven ; after that six. 



The dam whelped in a separate compartment of the kennel where she was all alone and 

 free from disturbance. The arrangement to meet the comfort of the dam and her oftspring, 

 which I will term the pen, was as follows : — On a floor slightly raised above that of the 

 kennel some clean dry straw was littered, the whole being surrounded by a board inclosure 

 to the height of about one foot. This pen measured about 3 x 3 feet. Care was taken to 

 change the straw on the floor, while the whole kennel was well lighted, comfortaldy warmed 

 and properly aired. The dam was given the best of care in all respects, never had an unfavour- 

 able symptom during or after whelping, and was always able to furnish her offspring with 

 abundance of good milk. For many reasons these details are of importance, and it is necessary 

 to state them in order that the record may be properlj' appreciated. Nearlj^ all the obser- 

 vations for some weeks were made on the puppies in their birthplace, as it was found that 

 removal therefrom caused so much disturbance that observations were impossible or value- 

 less except to illustrate this very point, important in itself. 



I have limited this diary to the first sixty days of life, as nearly all the most important 

 phases of development show themselves within this period. 



1st daif. — Almost as soon as liorn and freed from the investing [ilacental parts by the 

 dam the puppies cry out, though more loudly a little later ; crawl slowly but vigorously 

 enough towards the teats of the dam and at once, in most cases, begin to sack. It is 

 noticed, however, that other parts are sometimes sucked as well as the teats. They huddle 

 together and get between the legs of the dam and where the hair is longest, or where for 

 any reason there is most warmth, when not actually nursing. 



Their movements are verj' slow. Their eyelids are still not grown apart nor their ears 

 grown open. 



Two of them weighed at the end of about twenty-four hours 1 lb. 2 oz. and 1 lb. 6 oz. 

 respectively. 



Sec. IV, 1894 5. 



