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to-day (Gurson and Epstein 1934; Gurson 1937; Stewart 1938). 

 (i) The Hamitic Longhorn was probably developed from Bos 

 primigenius hahni, the African urus, and is known to have been 

 domesticated in Egypt in prehistoric times. The breed has dis- 

 appeared from Egypt, but, in the opinion of Stewart (1938), is 

 found almost pure in Liberia, Guinea, and parts of Morocco, being 

 known in the former places as N'Dama cattle. The interesting 

 Budama cattle of the islands of Lake Ghad are larger editions of 

 the N'Dama in conformation and points, although they differ in 

 coloration, being black and white instead of dun; they would 

 appear to be the nearest living cattle to the old African urus. 

 Amongst other representatives of the Hamitic Longhorn are the 

 Scottish West Highland cattle, which are also similar to the 

 N'Dama in conformation and points, though the colder environ- 

 ment has produced a long shaggy coat. As the N'Dama are especi- 

 ally good for stock improvement, they have been extensively used 

 by French and British authorities and the natives themselves, and 

 have now spread over a large part of West Africa. (2) The Brachy- 

 ceros or true Shorthorn is thought by some authorities to be 

 descended from a small wild ancestor and by others to be a varia- 

 tion of the urus due to unfavourable environment, but whatever 

 its origin. Bos brachyceros is a distinct type. The differences in 

 osteology and conformation between the three great types have 

 been discussed at length by Gurson and Epstein (1934). The small 

 Brachyceros cattle reached Egypt at the end of the Neolithic era 

 and remained the principal breed until the arrival of the Zebu. 

 According to Stewart the purest modern representatives of the 

 original Shorthorn are the lagoon cattle of the coastal regions of 

 West Africa, such as those in the Gold Goast in Appolonia, in the 

 Brong country to the west of Yeji and along the Black Volta. 

 They are very small, few being more than three feet high at the 

 shoulders, and the predominant colour is rusty red-brown. The 

 so-called West African shorthorns are a mixture of Hamitic Long- 

 horn and Brachyceros, usually with Zebu blood also. (3) The term 

 Zebu is broadly applied to humped cattle, but there are Zebu 

 cattle without humps also. The Zebu is thought to be descended 

 from Bos namadicus, the Asiatic Zebu, first domesticated in the 

 steppe country of Gentral Asia, and its nearest modern representa- 



