ANIMAL INDUSTRY 415 



extremely heterogeneous, a characteristic accentuated by the lack 

 of any planned breeding (Stewart 1938). In the north, particu- 

 larly the northern parts of the Northern Territories, the Zebu 

 admixture is strong; there is increased size and weight, whilst 

 the rise in the withers, dropped tail-head, more prominent dewlap, 

 the voice, placing of the ears and shape of the quarters are all 

 characteristic of the Zebu, and although the hump is absent, not 

 all Zebus are humped. Along the coast and in remote bush areas 

 where conditions are bad, the cattle are stunted and Shorthorn 

 characteristics are more pronounced. The Hamitic Longhorn 

 blood is usually most marked in the best and hardiest West African 

 cattle, whether humped or unhumped. Three types of humped 

 cattle are recognized in West Africa by Gurson and Epstein: the 

 Shorthorned Zebu is a fusion of Zebu and Brachyceros blood; the 

 Sanga is a fusion of the Zebu and Hamitic Longhorn, and is found 

 in Nigeria around Lake Chad, where in some regions it is the locaJ 

 indigenous ox; the crosses between humped and unhumped cattle 

 in the Gold Goast are said by Stewart (1938) closely to resemble 

 the Sanga; the Lyre-horned Zebu is a cross between Hamitic 

 Longhorn and the Shorthorn Zebu, and is a very common type 

 particularly in the Niger bend (Stewart 1938). The Fulani of 

 Northern Nigeria, the Gold Goast, and neighbouring regions, who 

 have bred and traded cattle from time immemorial and have per- 

 haps as sound knowledge as any African tribe of the principles of 

 breeding, have evolved at least five definite strains of humped 

 cattle, one of which, used for milking, calves at two-yearly intervals 

 and has a long lactation period. Neither Zebu nor Sanga has a 

 high resistance to trypanosomiasis, and their distribution is 

 limited to lightly infested regions only. The Shorthorn, in general, 

 whilst its resistance to rinderpest is considerably less than that of 

 the Zebu, has a higher resistance to trypanosomiasis, a character 

 which is especially prominent in the dwarf races of the regions 

 near the Gulf of Guinea. These little animals can survive in 

 densely vegetated country infested mth tsetse, where the larger 

 animals from the north always die from trypanosomiasis in a few 

 weeks (Faulkner and Mackie 1933, p. 157). A further factor in 

 resistance to trypanosomiasis is that while many cattle have a high 

 degree of resistance to local strains, they have little or none to 



