ANIMAL INDUSTRY 427 



particularly to the densely vegetated province of Goquilhatville. 

 The milking capacity of these cows is small, and they do not reach 

 full maturity for four or five years, but it is hoped to bring about 

 improvement by selection. 



On the Portuguese colonies, the following information has been 

 supplied by Dr. A. d'Eca, chief of the veterinary services, and 

 Dr. A Monteiro da Costa (1933) has written an account of the 

 animal industry. The improvement of native cattle, whether 

 owned by natives or Europeans depends, both in Angola and 

 Mozambique, on conditions of health and nutrition and on 

 measures against overstocking and the kraaling system, but here, 

 as elsewhere, the European owner has greater capital resources. 

 On the native side it is held that improvements in methods of 

 animal husbandry can only be introduced by drastic measures 

 taken by the department of veterinary services in collaboration 

 with the administrative authorities and missions. Improvements 

 in breeding are sought in three ways : castration and the selection 

 of cows is made obligatory wherever possible; native cows are 

 crossed with bulls of improved stock provided by the administra- 

 tion at numerous stud farms, and sold at very low prices or even 

 given to chiefs or stock-owners as rewards; and thirdly native 

 breeds are selected for improvement without the introduction 

 of foreign blood. Experiments are now being carried out on the 

 choice of breeds to be improved by selection, and a comparative 

 study of the results of crossing and selection is in progress, but results 

 are not yet decisive. The breeds of cattle imported into Angola for 

 use on the state farms have been the Dutch Friesian, and its Portu- 

 guese variant, Turina, for their milk, the Portuguese Mirendeza 

 for labour, and the Hereford, etc. for beef. In Mozambique in 

 addition to the Friesland, the state has imoorted Afrikander, 

 Shorthorn, and Hereford. It has been necessary to check unlimited 

 importation by European farmers, because some of the breeds 

 introduced would be harmful if widely used for breeding purposes 

 among the native herds. The European is generally a cattle- 

 dealer rather than a breeder, but in both colonies several investiga- 

 tions are being carried out by European farmers. In Angola 

 grants for cattle breeding are made on special terms with the idea of 

 stimulating the European farmer in the field of animal husbandry. 



