HEALTH AND POPULATION 567 



a preponderance of girls from birth to 14 years; this ratio is 

 exaggerated among adults between 14 and 45 years, but is 

 reversed among older people, so that from 45 years upwards 

 there are more men than women. The rate of infant mortality 

 for children up to 3 years is rather high, between 200 and 250 

 per 1,000. The Togoland annual report for 1934, contains maps 

 indicating sex-ratio and the proportion of children less than 14 

 years to adults in different parts of the territory. These suggest 

 that the population of about one-quarter of the territory is 

 stationary or regressive, while in the rest it is on the increase. 

 In Togoland also sample surveys have been made by medical 

 officers which give more valuable figures than the general censuses. 



Population maps have been constructed for various parts of 

 Africa. Thus S. J. K. Baker (1936) has compiled such a map for 

 British East Africa and Ruanda-Urundi, and concludes that East 

 Africa as a whole has not yet attained its optimum population, 

 though the density of population in some areas is far above the 

 optimum level in relation to the economy and technical knowledge 

 of the tribal groups. For Tanganyika a much more detailed study 

 has been made by C. Gillman (1936), who has produced what is 

 probably the best population map for any part of British Africa. 

 He showed that 62 per cent of the area is practically uninhabited, 

 mainly owing to the absence of water, and that two-thirds of the 

 population is concentrated on a very small proportion of the 

 territory, about one-tenth of the total area, where permanent 

 water exists. This uneven distribution has naturally led to serious 

 exhaustion and erosion of the soil in certain areas, a state of 

 affairs which can only be remedied by redistribution of the 

 population after water-supplies have been made available by 

 tapping underground sources {see Chapter III). Another study 

 of population in relation to water-supply was made some years 

 earlier for Nyasaland by F. Dixey (1928). 



Regarding changes in Africa's population as a whole. Professor 

 A. M. Carr-Saunders (1936) and Dr. R. Kuczynski (1936) both 

 stress the inadequacy of existing material as a basis for conclusions 

 as to population trends. 



