XII CONTENTS 



Chapter 6. Growth in Tissue Cuhure, by Charity Waymouth 546 



I. Effects of Environment on Growth in Tissue Cuhure 549 



(a) Cell autonomy and interdependence. Single cell clones, 549 - (b) Chemical 

 factors, 554 - 



II. Physical Factors - Temperature, Irradiation, pH, Tonicity, Physical Nature 



of Substrate 556 



(a) Effects of temperature on growth in tissue culture, 556 - (b) Effects of 

 visible light, 558 - (c) Effects of ultraviolet irradiation, 558 - (d) Effects of 

 ionizing radiations, 558 - (e) Effects of pH, 559 - (f ) Effects of tonicity, 559 - 

 (g) Effects of the physical nature of the substrate, 560 - 



III. Relationship of Growth in vitro to Maintenance, Differentiation and Function. 

 Conditions for Growth, Survival and Differentiation 561 



IV. Definitions of Growth in Tissue Culture 566 



V, Methods of Assessing Growth in Tissue Culture 568 



(a) Linear or areal measurements, 569 - (b) Mitotic counts, 571 - (c) Possi- 

 bility of subdivision, 572 - (d) Cell and nuclear counts, 572 - (e) Tissue mass, 

 574 - (f ) Cell or culture volume, 574 - (g) Nephelometry, 575 - (h) Metabolic 

 measurements, 575 - (i) Glucose utilization, 576 - (j) Nucleic acids, 576 - 

 (k) Protein, 577 - 



VI. Recording Growth and Behaviour of Cells in Tissue Culture .... 578 



VII. Conclusion 580 



Literature 5"' 



Chapter 7. Regeneration and Growth, by A. E. Needham 588 



I. Introduction 5°° 



II. The General Nature of Regeneration 59^ 



(a) The distribution of powers of regeneration among animals, 590 - (b) Re- 

 generation and other growth processes, 591 - 



III. The Stages in an Act of Regeneration 595 



IV. Quantitative Aspects of Regeneration 602 



V. Metabolic Changes during Regeneration 608 



(a) Protein metabolism, 611 - (b) Metabolism of nucleic acids, 612 - (c) Ac- 

 tivities of phosphatases, 614 - (d) Metabolism of sulphur compounds, 615 - 

 (e) Respiration and carbohydrate metabolism, 618 - (f) Fat metabolism, 619 - 

 (g) Water metabolism, 620 - (h) Inorganic cations, 622 - 



VI. The Effect of Extrinsic Factors on Regenerative Growth 622 



(a) Temperature, 623 - (b) Short-wave radiation, 624 - (c) Electrical forces, 

 624 - (d) Extraneous chemicals, 625 - 



VII. Internal Factors in the Control of Regeneration 627 



(a) Nutrition and regeneration, 627 - (b) Hormones in the control of regener- 

 ation, 631 - (c) Chemical factors produced by regenerating tissues, 636 - 

 (d) Nerve-supply and regeneration, 640 - (e) The vascular system and 

 regeneration, 644 - (f ) Diffusing factors, 645 - (g) Local factors, 646 - 



VIII. Conclusion 647 



Literature ^49 



