CONTENTS IX 



E. Nucleotide Synthesis gi 



I. Occurrence of nucleotides in tissues, 91 - 2. ''De novo'''' purine synthesis, 



91 -3. The utilization of free purines, 95-4. "De novo" pyrimidine synthesis, 

 98 - 5. Utilization of uracil, cytosine and thymine, 99 - 6. The amination of 

 uracil compounds to cytosine and the deamination of cytidine, 100 - 7. 

 Trans-N-glycosidation, 10 1 -8. Phosphorylation of cytidine and uridine, 

 102-9. Nucleoside monophosphate and diphosphate kinase, 102- 10. Poly- 

 nucleotide and ribonucleic acid synthesis, 103 - 11. The mechanism of 

 DNA-thymine (DNA-T) synthesis, 103 - 



F. Phospholipid Biosynthesis 106 



I. Ethanolamine and choline formation, 106- 2. The enzymatic synthesis 



of lecithin and kephalin, 107 - 



G. Vitamin Biosynthesis 108 



I. Cholesterol and vitamins A and D3, 108 - 2. Ascorbic acid, 11 1-3. Thia- 

 mine, 1 1 2 4. Riboflavin, 1 1 3 - 5. Pyridoxal phosphate, 1 1 4 - 6. Biotin, 114- 



7. Myoinositol, 115 - 8. Niacin, DPN^ and TPN"^, 115 - 9. Coenzyme A 

 synthesis, 117- 10. /(-Aminobenzoic acid and folic acid compounds, 119- 



V. Summary I2i 



VI. Addendum 123 



Literature 124 



Chapter 2. Principles and Theory of Growth, by Ludwig von Bertalanffy . . 137 *^ 



I. Introduction 137 



(a) Definition of growth, 137 - (b) Various aspects of the problem of growth, 

 139 - (c) Growth and differentiation, 141 - (d) Limitations of growth, 141 - 



II. The Organism as an Open System 143 



(a) Introduction, 143 - (b) Definitions, 144 - (c) Kinetics of open systems, 

 145 - (d) Turnover of building materials of the organism, 147 - (e) Energy 

 requirements of protein synthesis, 149 - (f) Energy requirements of the 

 maintenance of the steady state of the organism, 151 - (g) Thermodynamics 

 of open systems, 151 - (h) Principles of irreversible thermodynamics, 152 - 

 (i) Entropy and the living world, 155 - (j) Dynamic morphology, 156 - 



III. Cell Growth and Multiplication 156 



(a) Nuclear growth and nuclear series, 156 - (b) Interaction between nucleus 



and cytoplasm, 158 - (c) Energy sources of mitosis, 159 - (d) Mathematical 

 theory of cell growth, 161 - 



IV. Growth of Tissues 163 



(a) Cell renewall, 163 - (b) Cell constancy, 166 - (c) Mathematical theory of 

 growth of tissue cultures, 166 - 



V. Growth in Time of the Total Organism 168 



(a) Definitions, 168 - (b) General considerations on models and laws of 

 growth, 170 - (c) Empirical growth formulas, 174 - (d) Quantitative theory 

 of animal growth, 177 - (e) Dependence of metabolic rate on body size, 181 - 

 (f) Explanations of the size-dependence of metabolic rate, 185 - (g) Metabolic 

 types and growth types, 190 - (h) Application of the Bertalanffy growth 

 equations in fishery biology, 193 - (i) Metabolic types and growth types 

 (continued), 196 - (j) Verification of the constants of the growth equation, 

 198 - (k) Deductive derivation of the system of growth equations, 200 - 

 (1) Further discussion of the growth model, 204 - (m) Growth model of Weiss 

 and Kavanau, 208 - (n) Summary of models of growth, 212 - (o) Equifinality 

 of growth, 213 - (p) Growth and temperature, 216 - 



