CONTENTS \^ 



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Chapter i . Intermediary Metabolism of Building Blocks Involved in Growth, 

 by Saul Kit \ T^ ... i 



I. Introduction i 



II. Energy Yielding Processes 2 



A. Introduction 2 



B. The Catabolism of Glucose and Fatty Acids 3 



I. The Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic sequence, 3-2. The hexose mono- 

 phosphate shunt, 4-3. The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, 5-4. The 

 fatty acid spiral, 6-5. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Citric acid cycle: Krebs 

 cycle), 7-6. The formation of CO2, 8-7. Oxidative steps, 9 - 



C. Terminal Hydrogen and Electron Transport System 15 



1. "Dismutation" reactions and pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenases, 15- 



2. Reoxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotides via the cytochrome system, 

 16- 3. The oxidation of succinate, fatty acids, choline and xanthine, 21 - 

 4. Autooxidizable flavoproteins, 2 1- 5. Glycolate as a hydrogen carrier, 22 - 

 6. Nitrate as a hydrogen acceptor, 22 - 7. Quinone reductase and plant 

 respiration, 24-8. Glutathione and ascorbic acid as respiratory catalysts, 25 



D. Localization of Enzymes within Cells 25 



E. Generation of Energy-Rich Phosphate Bonds 27 



I. Substrate phosphorylation, 27- 2. Electron transport phosphorylation, 



29 - 3. Photosynthetic phosphorylation, 32 - 4. The storage of high-energy 

 phosphate bonds, 33 - 



III. The Utilization of ATP and Related Nucleotides 37 



A. Group I Reactions 37 



B. Nucleotide Transfer Reactions 38 



C. Uridyl Transferase Reactions 38 



D. The Activation of Fatty Acids and Cholic Acid 40 



E. The Activation of Sulfate 41 



F. CO2 Fixation 41 



G. Ammonia Fixation 44 



H. Activation Reactions in Nucleic Acid Synthesis 44 



I. The Peptide Bond of Pantothenate 44 



J. Peptide Bond Formation in the Incorporation of Amino Acids into Protein 44 



K. Glutathione Synthesis 46 



IV. The Synthesis of Protoplasmic Building Blocks 47 



A. Pentose Formation 47 



I. Hexose monophosphate shunt, 47-2. Transketolase-transaldolase path- 

 way, 48 - 3. Evaluation of the Embden-Meyerhof and phosphogluconate 

 pathways of glucose oxidation, 49 - 4. Evaluation of the transketolase- 

 transaldolase pathway and pentose formation, 51-5. Deoxyribose syn- 

 thesis, 52 - 



B. The Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 53 



I. Distribution of free amino acids in tissues, 53 - 2. Amino acid relation- 

 ships, 54 - 3. Essential amino acids, 55 - 4. The synthesis of the carbon 

 skeletons of amino acids, 56 - 



C. Fixation of Inorganic Nitrogen and Transfer 81 



I. Nitrogen assimilation, 81-2. NHj fixation, 82 - 3. Amino transfer 

 reactions and transaminations, 83 - 4. The transfer of the amide group of 

 glutamine, 85 - 5. Aspartic acid and the transfer of a-amino nitrogen, 87 - 



D. Porphyrin Synthesis . . . . f 88 



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