4 OsBORN, Submerged Forest at Llamxber, Bannoiith. 



frequent. Generally, only the base and roots of the trees 

 are to be seen in situ, but in some cases 12 — 18 inches of 

 the trunk stand erect, often without any bark. All the 

 trees seen were birch, the bark of which, of course, is 

 very characteristic. However, specimens of wood were 

 collected from trunks, both with and without bark, and 

 were examined microscopically, and again only birch 

 wood was found. 



Above the birch layer there is a further amount of 

 Arundo Phragviites, the roots of which in some cases 

 may be observed penetrating the rotten wood of the birch 

 stumps (by Llanaber Embankment). Succeeding the 

 reed layer there is a further peat zone, 12 — 18 inches 

 thick, containing birch twigs and branches, also grassy 

 leaves and reed-like stems. From washings of this peat 

 a comparatively large number of fruits of a small sedge * 

 {Carex sp.) were obtained, also "a fragment of Spar- 

 ganum{}) and a broken Potentillaij)" and numerous 

 small galls. There were also found fragments of a small 

 black beetle impossible to identify. 



There is no sharp line of demarcation between this 

 peat and an overlying layer of clay, but there is a gradual 

 transition from pure to sandy peat and so to a coarse 

 sandy clay, in all about 2 feet thick. On the top of the 

 clay is a deposit of gravel and small stones. The stones 

 are rather flat, angular, and do not show signs of being 

 much waterworn, but having rather the appearance of 

 re-deposited glacial pebbles. A microscopical examination 

 of this clay shows it to be of the same general nature as 

 the lower layer, but much coarser, the silica grains being 

 much larger. 



At the base, where there is much peaty matter in it, 

 at least two species of diatoms {Cj'inbella [eistu/a?] and 



* I desire to express my thanks to Mr Clement Reed, F.R.S., who 

 kindly named these seeds. 



