OKIGIN OF THE NAME 5 



of an extensive class will be largely descriptive, because 

 many features of wide range and great prominence are 

 likely to be missing in outlying and erratic members of 

 the group, and these consequently have to be passed over 

 unnoticed, in favour of less conspicuous, and of alternative, 

 or even of negative characters. 



The name Crustacea is a Latin word of old standing. 

 Another and probably the original form of it is Crustata. 

 The animals clothed in a crust, a covering of more or less 

 flexibility, were distinguished by the ancients from the 

 Testacea, in which the test, as in the example of an oyster- 

 shell, is hard and rocky, and like a potsherd more ready to 

 break than to bend. Dr. Johnson was of opinion that if 

 the terms of natural kuowledge were extracted from Lord 

 Bacon's works, few ideas in that branch of learning would 

 be lost to mankind for want of English words in which 

 they might be expressed.* Modern science would be much 

 hampered by such a limitation of its verbal resources. 

 Johnson's own dictionary during the last century does not 

 recognise the substantive, a crustacean. The adjective, 

 crustaceous, it thus defines : ' Shelly, with joints ; not tes- 

 taceous ; not with one continued, uninterrupted shell. 

 Lobster is crustaceous, oyster testaceous.' The same dic- 

 tionary defines and illustrates the word crab as follows : 



' A crustaceous fish. 



' Those that cast their shell are, the lobster, the crab, 

 the crawfish, the hodmandod or dodman, and the tortoise. 

 The old shells are never found, so as it is like they scale 

 off and crumble away by degrees. — Bacons Natural History. 



' The fox catches crab fish with his tail, which Olaus 

 Magnus saith he himself was an eye-witness of. — DerhamJ 



Shellfish, crayfish, and crawfish, are expressions still in 

 use, although the term crab-fish is no longer in fashion. 

 The uncritical ages had a tendency to regard as fish most 

 animals which came out of the sea, and a story is told of 

 a cook who persuaded her Hebrew mistress that a sucking 

 pig became for all practical purposes a fish by being made 



' See A Dk'tionarij of the English Language. Preface. Eighth 

 Edition. 17D9. 



