OUR FACE FROM FISH TO MAN 



pare very closely in the ground-plan of the anatomy 

 of their heads with the larval stages of the 

 lampreys. 



In all these lowly creatures as well as in ourselves 

 the head is essentially the complex of sense organs, 

 brain and brain covering, mouth and throat, by 

 means of which the creature is directed to its food and 

 enabled to engulf it. 



THE shark's face AND OURS 



The ancestors of the higher vertebrates did not 

 settle down and become specialized bottom-living 

 fishes but long maintained themselves in the fierce 

 competition of free-swimming, predaceous types. 

 Whatever the first steps leading toward the verte- 

 brate head may have been, the shark shows us 

 our own facial anatomy stripped of all elaborations 

 and reduced to simplest terms. Like Shy lock, the 

 shark might well plead that he has eyes, nose and 

 a mouth, affections, passions; accordingly we find 

 that in zoological classes all over the world the 

 humble dogfish affords an invaluable epitome and 

 ground-plan of human anatomy. 



Men have been insulted by the implications of 



this fact and still more by the statement that man 



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