OUR FACE FROM FISH TO MAN 



the foetal and embryonic stages of other mammals, 

 of reptiles, amphibians and primitive fishes, and 

 that in the fishes these clefts are definitely associ- 

 ated with functional internal gills. 



The anti-evolutionists should also be embar- 

 rassed by the fact that, leaving the embryonic 

 stages aside, and considering only adult anatomy, 

 the entire complex of the hyoid arch, larynx and 

 associated parts in man corresponds in great detail 

 with those of the anthropoids, differing only in the 

 proportional development of certain parts. From 

 the anthropoids down through the lower primates 

 the homology of every segment of the hyoid arch 

 and laryngeal complex can be completely estab- 

 lished and from thence these structures can be 

 traced backward step by step through the reptiles 

 to the lower amphibians and thence to the 

 elaborate branchial skeleton of the crossopt or 

 lobe-finned ganoids. In fact the branchial skele- 

 ton of vertebrates, in all its complex relations with 

 the muscles and nerves and in its successive stages 

 of development, affords convincing evidence of 

 the anatomical unity of the entire vertebrate 

 series from shark to man. The human jaws, 



tongue, larynx and associated parts thus con- 



128 



