20 Descriptions of Preparations. 



bird possesses, have the place of the hypapophysis taken by the 

 carotid demi-canal. The ten posteriorly-placed cervical vertebrae 

 have by the anchylosis of the lateral process or cervical rib to the 

 body of the vertebrae a lateral and complete canal formed for the 

 deep portion of the sympathetic and the vertebral vessels. Between 

 the cervical vertebrae and a projection which is the homologue 

 of the 'promontory' of the sacrum in anthropotomy seven 

 dorsal vertebrae, or vertebrae carrying unanchylosed ribs, in- 

 tervene. Each rib is, as all but invariably in Birds, articulated to 

 the anterior portion of the body, and also by its tubercle to 

 the transverse process of its own vertebra. The two first ribs 

 have no sternal element superadded to them, and fail conse- 

 quently to reach the sternum; the first, however, is in relation 

 with the lung, aiid the second forms an indentation on its surface. 

 The four ribs which succeed them have ossified sternal ribs con- 

 nected directly with the sternum, and the fifth has its sternal rib 

 connected indirectly to it by means of that belonging to the ver- 

 tebra next in front of it. Each rib, mth the exception of the first 

 and last, has an epipleural process, the so-called processus uncinatus, 

 developed from its posterior edge and overlapping the rib next 

 behind it ; the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae have their spines, 

 neural arches, transverse processes, and hypapophyses anchylosed, as 

 well as their centra, which are laterally compressed so as to pass 

 into the greatly-developed hypapophyses quite gradually. The 

 flexor muscles of the neck, seen in the preceding Preparation, take 

 their origin from these hypapophyses. The sixth dorsal vertebra is 

 not anchylosed either anteriorly or posteriorly; the seventh is 

 anchylosed to the sacral vertebrae posteriorly, but its rib remains 

 unanchylosed, and in the fresh state has the lower portion of the 

 lung in relation with, and indented by, itself. The sacral ver- 

 tebrae are thirteen in number ; their spines form a long, low, con- 

 tinuous ridge, which is not in this, as it is in some Columbidae and 

 in the Rasores, fused anteriorly with the ossa ilii ; the foramina on 

 either side are much encroached upon but not as yet closed up 

 by ossificatory ingrowth, the longest transverse process is on 

 a level with the anterior edge of the acetabulum, and divides the 

 cavity of the true pelvis internally and posteriorly into two fossae, 

 in which the middle and posterior lobes of the kidney are lodged 

 conformably to the irregularities in the surfaces of the bones. A 



