[PENHALLOW] DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN MARSH LANDS 39 
subjected to tidal flow, it would become converted into a salt marsh 
precisely as in the case under special observation. 
In discussing the succession of the various vegetation zones of bogs, 
Weld (11, 45) reaches the conclusion that tamarack is the tree which 
in most cases, first follows the cassandra zone, but this is a conclusion 
which is not capable of general application. Cassandra is adapted to a 
somewhat wide range of moisture conditions, and it is readily conceivable 
that at one end of the range, or under maximum conditions of moisture, 
tamarack might flourish. This appears to be the case in many of the 
New Brunswick bogs where numerous ram-pikes of tamarack testify to 
the former abundance of that tree in such situations and under such 
relations of succession. At the other end of the range, however, when 
the conditions of development are such that the substratum becomes 
relatively dry, white pine succeeds Cassandra as in the cases now under 
consideration. This is also in accord with the observation of Dawson 
(3, 30) who states that in the Acadian submerged forests, white pine 
is the dominant tree, though beech is sometimes found. 
From the comparisons thus instituted, it is quite evident that up 
to the time of, and including the formation of the peat zone containing 
pine trees, the entire history of the Brave-Boat Harbor marsh was that 
of a fresh water bog, a conclusion strengthened by the data given by 
Transeau (10) for Michigan bogs, according to which it is found that 
the succession of the various zones of vegetation is in precise agreement 
with that which occurred in the formation of the Kittery and York 
marshes during the earlier periods of their growth. 
Another feature of importance in the history of these marsh lands 
appears in the formation of sweet meadow lands. Everywhere about the 
margins of these marshes and along tidal rivers where shallow coves jut 
into the adjacent land, one may observe the gradual conversion of 
marshy areas into areas bearing sweet grasses. Several instances of this 
nature may be seen on approaching York Harbor from the south, and 
the rate at which the conversion proceeds is sufficiently rapid to bring 
prominent phases within the knowledge of individual observers. 
At Kittery Point, an arm of Spruce Creek extends toward the east 
and passing back of the Sparhawk House, terminates a short distance 
beyond the railway depot. About midway of its length, a small cove 
extends southward toward the foot of Fort Hill. It is within the recol- 
lection of the writer that formerly, at high tide, salt water filled this 
cove and extended to a point near the highway, suggesting the readiness 
with which a channel could be cut across to the harbour only one hundred 
yards distant. At the time referred to, the cove was occupied by a salt 
marsh for a large part of its extent, and at low water it was possible 
