118 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
Jeum, the oil exuding and forming a well defined scum along portions of 
the beach, while beds and masses of pitch or asphalt, which represents 
the crude oil from which the volatile matter has been largely removed by 
evaporation, are exposed at a number of places. To the eastward along 
the lines of the anticlines these asphaltic deposits are also found, some- 
times occurring in areas of considerable extent. 
The anticline referred to at San Fernando marks the most northerly 
of a series of four principal lines which traverse the island from the west 
to the east coast in a general direction a few degrees north of east. Of 
the other three the first terminates on the west coast near La Brea point 
where the celebrated Pitch Lake is situated; the next comes to the west 
shore near Guaypo point or rather Point Sigoure, about six miles south of 
La Brea, and the most southerly terminates near the south-west extremity 
of the island. Although, owing to the generally jungly nature of the 
country inland, the actual outcrops of these anticlines can be located only 
with great difficulty in many places, the opening up of certain portions by 
roads has greatly facilitated the work, so that the general structure can be 
made out fairly well. The general run of the several anticlines has thus 
been traced. Several other secondary folds have also been distinguished 
but the distribution of the principal ones in so far as has now been deter- 
mined is as follows :— 
The most southerly or Icacos anticline keeps near the south shore 
of the island, sometimes for a few miles passing out to sea, and reaches 
the east coast at the south-east corner known as Galiota point, east of 
Guayaguayare, where the opposing dips can be readily determined. 
Along the south coast it passes seaward at Galfa point, and reaches the 
land again about four miles east of the village of Erin. The opposing 
dips to the north and south can be readily recognized at a number of 
points. The main line of this anticline for the eastern half of the dis- 
tance keeps inland at a distance of about one mile, in so far as can be 
determined. 
Going north, the second anticline comes to the west coast at a 
distance of nearly a mile south of Guaypo point. At its outcrop on the 
beach the oil-bearing sandstones are vertical for several hundred yards : 
“but before Guaypo point is reached the sandstone and shale have 
a well defined northerly dip and asphalt outcrops show along the shore 
at several places. The oil-sands are sometimes saturated with petro- 
leum. To the south of this anticline, the dips are fairly regular 
to the south-east towards Cap de Ville, and south of the latter place 
beds of lignitic clay, black in colour, outcrop along the shore, with a 
thickness of four to seven feet. These are, however, too impure to be 
of value as a fuel. This anticline crosses the island and should reach 
